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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-dependent differences in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic sensitization between an eastern and a western German city (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent studies have found a higher prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic sensitization among adults living in eastern than those living in western Germany. We hypothesize that prevalence rates were similar before Germany was divided and diverged after the division. Because there are no historical data comparing atopic status between the two parts of Germany, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the prevalence of atopy among persons who were born during different decades. As part of the EC Respiratory Health Survey, a respiratory health questionnaire was mailed to a population-based sample of 8363 subjects aged 20–44 years from a city in the former West Germany (Hamburg) and a city in the former East Germany (Erfurt). Of the target population. 6428 (77%) subjects responded. Subsamples of 731 subjects from Erfurt and 1159 subjects from Hamburg participated in medical examinations, including skin prick tests and specific IgE measurements. Prevalence rates of allergic sensitization were similar in Hamburg and Erfurt for those born in the periods 1946–51 and 1952–61. respectively, but differed between Hamburg and Erfurt subjects born in the period 1962–71. After adjustment for several potential predictors, the younger subjects from Hamburg had a higher odds ratio (OR) of sensitization than those Hamburg subjects born before 1952 (skin prick test reactivity: OR 2.06. any specific IgE 〉 0.35 kU/1: OR 1.61). The younger subjects from Erfurt were not more frequently sensitized than the older subjects (skin prick test reactivity: OR 1.05. any specific IgE 〉 0.35 kU/1: OR 0.79). No single allergen could be identified as responsible for the observed difference. We conclude that factors related to a “Western lifestyle”, which were prevalent in the West German city during the 1960s and i970s. may be responsible for the higher prevalence of allergic sensitization observed in Hamburg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03779.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of 10, 50 and 200 μg inhaled fenoterol on exercise induced asthma (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 23 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a randomized, double-blind cross-over study we investigated the protective effect of low doses of fenoterol on the airway response to exercise during cold air breathing. In 12 mild to moderate asthmatics with exercise induced asthma (mean age: 26 [range 19-25] years), mean FEV1 87% of predicted, exercise challenges were performed under control conditions and 30 mi n after the inhalation from a metered dose inhaler of either placebo, or 10, 50, and 200 μg fenoterol within a 4 week period. Airway response was determined by measuring specific airway resistance, sRaw. Standardization of exercise challenges was achieved by individually maintaining a constant respiratory heat exchange, with an average (range) of 1.24 (0.98-1.61) kcal/min. Fenoterol aerosol was an effective bronchodilator at all doses administered (P〈0.05), with 200 μg significantly more effective than 10 μg. Mean sRaw (s.e.m.) pre vs maximal post exercise after control conditions, placebo and 10, 50, and 200 μg fenoterol aerosol was 12.9(1.4) vs 41.8 (6.3), 13.1 (1.6) vs 41.3 (6.3), 9.6 (1.5) vs 26.6 (6.2), 7.9 (0.9) vs 16.4 (3.6) and 5.5 (0.5) vs 7.4 (0.9) cmH2O.s. The protective effect of fenoterol against exercise induced broncho-constriction was dose-dependent and was significantly different from placebo at 50 and 200 μg (P〈0.05). From these observations we suggest that in mild to moderate asthmatics 50 μg of fenoterol is a dose which is sufficient to protect against this naturally occurring stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00351.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeated ozone exposures enhance bronchial allergen responses in subjects with rhinitis or asthma (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Single exposures to 〉 200 p.p.b. of ozone are capable of enhancing the early-phase lung function response to allergen.Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of single vs. repeated exposures to ozone on early and late-phase allergen responses.Methods Eleven subjects with allergic asthma and 22 subjects with allergic rhinitis underwent single exposures to filtered air, 125 p.p.b. and 250 p.p.b. ozone, as well as repeated exposures to 125 p.p.b. ozone on four consecutive days. Twenty hours after the (final) exposure, subjects inhaled a single dose of allergen and a sputum induction was performed 6–7 h later.Results In the subjects with rhinitis, the mean early-phase response of FEV1 and the number of ≥ 20% reductions were significantly greater after exposure to 250 or 4 × 125 p.p.b. ozone compared with filtered air. In addition, most of the ≥ 15% late-phase responses in FEV1 occurred after exposure to 4 × 125 p.p.b., as well as the strongest effects on sputum parameters. The rise in the number of eosinophils was statistically significant in both groups. Regarding the number of lymphocytes and the concentrations of mast cell tryptase, histamine or LDH, significance was, however, only reached in the asthma group.Conclusion Our data suggest that repeated exposure to ozone, at a peak ambient air level, can enhance both functional and inflammatory responses to inhaled allergen in subjects with pre-existing allergic airway diseases, and that these effects might reach a clinically relevant magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01358.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freezing of homogenized sputum samples for intermittent storage (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Among the reasons that restrict the application of sputum induction in outpatient settings is the need for processing of samples within 2 h after induction.Objective The aim of our study was to assess whether freezing is suitable for intermediate storage of sputum samples before processing.Methods We compared differential cell counts between two sputum aliquots derived from the same sample. One aliquot was processed within 2 h after production and one, after it had been frozen under addition of dimethyl-sulfoxid (DMSO) and stored up to 10 days at −20 °C. Thirty-five samples were frozen immediately prior to preparation of cytospins, and 10 samples were frozen at an even earlier stage, directly after homogenization.Results In both sets of experiments we observed a significant relationship between frozen and native samples regarding macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, as indicated by respective intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.96, 0.96, and 0.93 in the first, and of 0.92, 0.96 and 0.77 in the second experiments.Conclusion Our results indicate that the freezing of sputum samples at different stages of processing does not alter sputum morphology to an extent that affects the results of differential cell counts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01136.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between airway hyper-responsiveness, markers of inflammation and lung function depends on the duration of the asthmatic disease (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The combination of airway hyper-responsiveness, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and lung function impairment is considered as a hallmark of bronchial asthma. Since airway function might change with time in chronic asthma, the association between parameters which are characteristic of asthma could be different in subjects with different durations of the disease.Objective We assessed whether in patients with asthma the relationship between airway hyper-responsiveness, non-invasive markers of airway inflammation, and baseline lung function depended on the duration of the disease.Methods Sixty-six non-smoking patients with mild to moderate allergic asthma without corticosteroids were assigned to two groups, according to a duration of the disease (time interval since doctor's diagnosis) of either ≤ 16 years (median 8 years; mean FEV1, 92.6% pred.; n = 34) or 〉 16 year (median 25 years; mean FEV1, 87.9% pred.; n = 32).Results Groups did not differ statistically in PC20FEV1 of methacholine, sputum composition, levels of exhaled nitric oxide (NO), lung function parameters, or history of treatment. There were significant correlations between PC20FEV1, eosinophils and NO in patients with a duration of the disease ≤ 16 year, but no relation to lung function. In contrast, patients with a duration 〉 16 year showed a correlation between PC20FEV1 of methacholine and lung function but not eosinophils or NO. In both groups, eosinophils and NO were associated with each other. These results were corroborated by the statistical procedure of factor analysis that revealed ‘inflammation’ and ‘lung function’ as major entities and found ‘responsiveness’ to be associated with only one of them in each group.Conclusion Our data demonstrate that with a shorter duration of the asthmatic disease airway hyper-responsiveness is associated with airway inflammation, whereas with a longer duration it is associated with impaired lung function, suggesting that in chronic asthma ongoing alterations become the primary determinant of functional characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.01297.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolated airways from current smokers are hyper-responsive to histamine (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Epidemiological studies suggest that bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) and elevated levels of serum IgE are more frequently found in current smokers than in ex-smokers.Since elevated serum IgE is associated with BHR under both in vivo and in vitro conditions, we aimed to assess whether smoking affects BHR independently from IgE.Lung resection material was obtained from 27 current smokers and 11 non-smokers with low serum IgE (〈 100 U/mL). Peripheral airways were cut into rings and incubated overnight in the presence (passively sensitized) or absence (non-sensitized) of serum containing IgE levels above 250 U/mL. Isometric contractile responses to histamine were assessed in the organ bath.Compared with non-smokers, isolated airways from smokers showed significantly increased responses to histamine (P 〈 0.05, anova). Passive sensitization enhanced responses in both groups by about the same amount (P 〈 0.05, both).In patients with low serum IgE current smoking is associated with increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine in vitro, which can be further enhanced by passive sensitization. These findings suggest that both smoking and serum IgE contribute to non-specific airway hyper-responsiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01114.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salmeterol protects against hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction over 12 hours (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 591-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Salmeterol, Asthma ; bronchodilation, hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the dose-response relationship of salmeterol for protection against a naturally occurring stimulus, isocapnic hyperventilation tests of cold air were done in 16 asthmatic patients. The subjects inhaled either 50 μg salmeterol, salbutamol 200 μg, or placebo in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over study. The FEVI was measured prior to medication and the provocative ventilation (PV20) required to induce a 20 % fall in FEV1 was calculated by linear interpolation from ventilation-response curves obtained 0.5, 4, 8, and 12 h after medication. Following salbutamol, the mean FEV1 were 4.11, 3.89, 3.58, and 3.551, with a significant difference from placebo up to 4 h. Following salmeterol, mean FEV1 values were 3.95, 4.10, 3.93, and 3.881, with a significant difference from placebo up to 12 h. The mean PV20FEV1 after salbutamol was 78.8, 58.5, 52.7, and 48.41·min−1, the 0.5 h value being significantly different from placebo. After salmeterol, the mean PV20FEV1 values were 84.6, 82.5, 67.8, and 65.81·min−1, with a significant difference from placebo up to 12 h. We conclude that, besides its long-lasting bronchodilating effect, salmeterol protects against hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction for at least 12 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02284956
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproducibility of airway response to inhaled bradykinin and effect of the neurokinin receptor antagonist FK-24 in asthmatic subjects (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Airway hyperresponsiveness ; Bradykinin; bronchial challenge ; neurokinins ; ethanol ; bronchoconstriction ; lung function ; FK-224.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Inhaled neurokinins have been shown to induce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. We have investigated the effect of a neurokinin receptor antagonist, FK-224, on bradykinin (BK)-induced bronchoconstriction, and have compared its effect with the spontaneous variability of BK responsiveness. Methods: Thirteen subjects with mild extrinsic bronchial asthma participated in the study. Four BK inhalation challenge tests (Study Days 2 to 5) were performed over a period of several weeks. On Study Days 4 and 5 subjects inhaled either 2 mg FK-224 or placebo 30 min before the BK challenge. Results: The geometric mean PC20FEV1 of BK was 0.04, 0.06, and 0.10 mg⋅ml−1 on the first and second BK challenge and after placebo. Mean PC20FEV1 after FK-224 was 0.20 mg⋅ml−1 and was not different from placebo, whereas there was a significant effect in PC15FEV1. The mean shift in PC20FEV1 after FK-224 vs placebo was 1.0 doubling concentrations. The mean changes in BK responsiveness on the second BK challenge and placebo days compared to the first BK challenge were 0.6 and 1.3 doubling concentrations. We observed a significant fall in FEV1 after inhalation of saline plus ethanol, which was the diluent for BK (mean decrease 4.2%). Conclusion: The data demonstrate that inhalation of 2 mg FK-224 is only marginally effective against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthmatic subjects and that its effect is similar to the variability in BK responsiveness assessed over several weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050106
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproducibility of basal and induced DNA single-strand breaks detected by the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay in human peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (1995)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 67 (1995), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Comet assay ; Reproducibility ; DNA single-strand breaks ; Peripheral mononuclear leukocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the reported study was to investigate the reproducibility of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay in the determination of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) and to estimate the statistical requirements when the SCGE assay is used for the detection of genotoxicity in humans. In human peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (PMLs), we repeatedly measured the rate of SSBs after in vitro incubation of cells for 1 h at 4°C in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, basal) or 10 μM or 50 μM H2O2 (induced). Intra-assay variation was determined from cryopreserved PMLs of a single donor. To assess intrasubject and intersubject variation, PMLs of ten healthy, nonsmoking subjects (aged 19–37 years) were tested 5–9 times. Cryopreserved cells revealed a mean coefficient of variation of 18% (PBS) and 7%–9% (H2O2). There were statistically significant differences between individuals in the rate of SSBs after incubation in PBS (P 〈 0.01), 10 μM H2O2 (P 〈 0.001), and 50 μM H2O2 (P 〈 0.001). The range of interindividual variability was 26% for basal and 12%–13% for induced SSBs, and the coefficient of intraindividual variation was 18%–72% (PBS) and 7%–23% (H2O2). Neither basal nor induced rates of DNA damage were related to gender or age. Estimates of the minimum detectable effects were based on these observed sources of variability (power 90%, level of significance 5%, assumed sample size 50). With two different groups, a difference of 31% in basal SSBs or 12% in induced SSBs would be detectable. Repeated measurement within one group could detect a difference of 26% in basal and 9% in induced SSBs. In summary, the SCGE assay appears to be suitable for the detection of single-strand breaks, e.g., in biomonitoring or environmental medicine, and the statistical requirements could be derived from our analysis of the sources of variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385645
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the airway response to inhaled sulfur dioxide, isocapnic hyperventilation, and histamine in asthmatic subjects (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; Histamine ; Airway hyperresponsiveness ; Asthma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine whether bronchoconstriction induced by sulfur dioxide can be predicted by the airway response to inhaled histamine, we exposed on two days 46 patients with asthma to air or 0.5 ppm SO2. The exposure protocol consisted of 10 min of tidal breathing followed by 10 min of isocapnic hyperventilation at a rate of 301/min. Airway response was measured before (baseline) and after hyperventilation in terms of specific airway resistance, SRaw. Exposure to air increased baseline mean (SD) SRaw from 6.27 (2.12) to mean (SD) maximum post-hyperventilation SRaw of 9.10 (4.38) cmH2O*s (P 〈 0.0001). Exposure to SO2 increased mean (SD) baseline SRaw from 6.93 (3.29) to mean (SD) maximum posthyperventilation SRaw of 18.21 (18.69) cmH2O*s (P 〈 0.0001). Mean (SD) effect of SO2. defined as difference between maximum post-hyperventilation SRaw after SO2 versus air was 9.11 (16.14) cmH2O*s. When evaluated individually, 26 and 34 of the 46 patients showed an airway response to hyperventilation of air and SO2, respectively. Airway response to histamine was determined as the histamine concentration necessary to increase specific airway resistance by 100%, PC100SRaw. The airway response after SO2 and PC100SRaw showed a weak but significant correlation (R = −0.48), whereas the responses to hyperventilation and SO2 did not correlate. We suggest that the mechanisms by which histamine and SO2 exert their bronchomotor effects are different and that in asthmatic patients the risk of pollutant-induced asthmatic symptoms can be poorly predicted by histamine responsiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381178
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