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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 585 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 585 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Morphin ; Papaverin ; Obstipation ; Analgesie ; Key words Morphine ; Papaverine ; Constipation ; Analgesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Long-term administration of morphine for the treatment of chronic pain produces constipation; this requires the use of laxatives, which impair water absorption and upset the electrolyte balance. Morphine-induced constipation is mainly due to inhibition of the propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal tract combined with spastic contraction of smooth circular muscles as a result of drug binding to opioid receptors in the tract. Since papaverine lacks affinity for opioid receptors but relaxes smooth muscle, it seemed possible that oral papaverine might be capable of diminishing constipation without impairing the analgesia achieved with morphine. For this purpose, experiments were carried out on rats: constipation was checked for by measuring the intestinal transit time, and analgesia was assessed by measuring the latency of the tail-flick response to radiant heat or nociceptive activity in single neurons of the thalamus evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulation of afferent C fibres in the sural nerve [5]. Morphine and papaverine were administered by the oral route. Control animals received saline. To measure the intestinal transit time, India ink solution was given orally. Morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg orally) prolonged the transit time from approx. 420 min in the controls to more than 600 min, a dose of 2.5 mg/kg producing the maximum effect. Papaverine (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) administered orally together with morphine significantly reduced morphine-induced constipation (Tables 1, 2). Papaverine given alone at a dose of 2 mg/kg caused no change in transit time, while 5 mg/kg significantly increased it (Table 2). The latency of the tail-flick response was increased by oral morphine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) at 1, 2, and 3 h after administration. Papaverine (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) given in combination with morphine left the antinociceptive effect of morphine unchanged (Figs. 1–3). A study of the nociceptive activity evoked in thalamus neurons of rats under urethane anaesthesia indicated that intestinal absorption of morphine was blocked. Therefore, metoclopramide (0.15 mg/kg) was injected i. v. 10 min before oral administration of morphine or the combination of morphine plus papaverine. Subsequently, morphine produced a dose-dependent depression of evoked nociceptive activity (Fig. 4), the mean effect amounting to 60 % of the control activity and being produced by 2.5 mg/kg (Fig. 5). Since in former experiments on nociceptive activity evoked in thalamus neurones it has been found that the ED50 of i. v. morphine is 0.05 mg/kg, it is very likely that the presystemic elimination of orally administered morphine is very high and, in addition, that the efficiency of its active metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide, is rather poor. When morphine 2.5 mg/kg was given together with papaverine 0.5 mg/kg, and morphine 5 mg/kg was administered in combination with papaverine 2 mg/kg, there was no significant reduction in the depressant effect of morphine on nociceptive activity evoked in thalamus neurons (Figs. 6, 7). The results suggest that papaverine given by the oral route may reduce morphine-induced constipation without impairment of the analgesic action of morphine in patients suffering from pain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine der häufigsten Nebenwirkungen bei langfristiger Anwendung von Opioiden zur Schmerzbehandlung ist eine Obstipation. Diese beruht vor allem auf einer Lähmung der propulsiven Darmmotorik und einer spastischen Kontraktion der Ringmuskulatur durch Bindung der Opioide an Opioidrezeptoren im Magen-Darm-Trakt. Da Papaverin nicht auf Opioidrezeptoren wirkt, glatte Muskulatur jedoch zum Erschlaffen bringt, bietet sich eine orale Gabe von Papaverin für eine Beseitigung der Morphinobstipation ohne Beeinträchtigung der analgetischen Wirkung von Morphin an. In Versuchen an Ratten verlängerte oral angewendetes Morphin (2,5 und 5 mg/kg) die Darmpassage von ca. 420 min in den Kontrollen auf mehr als 600 min. Papaverin (0,5, 1 und 2 mg/kg) oral zusammen mit Morphin gegeben reduzierte die durch Morphin verzögerte Darmpassage. Im Tail-flick-Test, der als Indikator für das Vorliegen einer analgetischen Wirkung dient und auf der Auslösung eines Fluchtreflexes durch Einwirken von Hitze auf den Schwanz der Tiere beruht, verlängerte Morphin (2,5 und 5 mg/kg) die Reflexlatenz bis zu 3 h nach der oralen Gabe. Bei gemeinsamer oraler Gabe von Morphin mit Papaverin (0,5, 1 und 2 mg/kg) wurde die antinozizeptive Wirkung von Morphin nicht abgeschwächt. Oral appliziertes Morphin (2,5 und 5 mg/kg) reduzierte außerdem die in einzelnen Neuronen des Thalamus evozierte, schmerzäquivalente Aktivität um 60 % der Kontrollen. Diese Dämpfung wurde durch gleichzeitig oral gegebenes Papaverin nicht abgeschwächt. Diese Befunde lassen erwarten, daß orales Papaverin auch beim Menschen in geeigneten Dosen die durch Opioide ausgelöste Obstipation verringern kann, ohne dabei die analgetische Wirkung zu beeinträchtigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 10 (1996), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 12 (1998), S. 136-141 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter B-Vitamine ; Analgetische Wirksamkeit ; Monotherapie ; Kombinationen ; Key words B vitamins ; Analgesic effect ; Monotherapy ; Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Disregarding pain resulting from vitamin deficiency, an analgesic effect seems to be exerted only by vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B6 (pyridoxines), and vitamin B12 (cobalamine), particularly when the three are given in combination. The analgesic effect is attributed to an increased availability and/or effectiveness of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine acting as inhibitory transmitters in the nociceptive system. In animal experiments, high doses of these vitamins administered alone or in combination inhibited nociceptive behavior and depressed the nociceptive activity evoked in single neurons of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in the thalamus. Moreover, they were found to enhance the antinociceptive effect of non-opioid analgesic agents on withdrawal reflexes. Clinical data fail in most cases to meet current standards of evaluation (randomization, double-blindness). Still, it appears that high doses of the vitamins B1, B6, and B12 administered separately or in combination can alleviate acute pain and potentiate the analgesia caused by non-opioid analgesics such as the NSAIDs and metamizol (dipyrone). Therapeutic effects are observed in neuropathic pain and pain of musculoskeletal origin. Vitamin B6 is effective in the carpal tunnel syndrome which, however, is attributed at least in some cases to vitamin B6 deficiency. It is also worth noting that the B vitamins are shown to enhance the beneficial effect of diclofenac in acute low-back pain so that ither the duration of treatment or the daily dose of diclofenac may be reduced. The use of high doses of vitamin B6 may be limited by a neurotoxic effect. The effectiveness of B vitamins in depressing chronic pain has not been established. It would be interesting to know if the B vitamins are of use as adjuvants in the treatment of tumor pain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine analgetische Wirkung unabhängig von einem Vitaminmangel scheinen nur die Vitamine B1 (Thiamin), B6 (Pyridoxin), und B12 (Cobalamin) ausüben zu können. In Tierversuchen dämpften hohe Dosen dieser Vitamine allein und in Kombination miteinander sowie mit Nichtopioidanalgetika motorische und sensible Reaktionen des nozizeptiven Systems. Klinische Beobachtungen ergaben ebenfalls eine analgetische Wirkung hoher Dosen der einzelnen B-Vitamine und eine Potenzierung der Wirkung von Nichtopioidanalgetika wie Metamizol und nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika durch eine Kombination mit B-Vitaminen. Diese Wirkungen wurden bei muskuloskeletalen und neuropathischen Schmerzen nachgewiesen. Es ist allerdings festzustellen, daß alle zuverlässigen Untersuchungen ausschließlich bei akut auftretenden Schmerzen durchgeführt wurden. Bei Anwendung von Vitamin B6 in hohen Dosen können neurotoxische Wirkungen auftreten. Für den Hauptanwendungsbereich der B-Vitamine, chronische Schmerzen, gibt es keinen ausreichenden Nachweis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 251 (1965), S. 141-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 309-324 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Spinal motor activity ; Reserpine ; Monoaminergic agents ; Cholinolytic agents ; Antiparkinson drugs ; Phenytoin ; spinalmotorische ; Aktivität ; Reserpin ; Monoaminergica ; Cholinolytica ; Antiparkinsonstoffe Phenytoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of monoaminergic (DOPA, metamphetamine, propylhexedrine) and cholinolytic agents (atropine, biperiden, caramiphen, trihexyphenidyl) on α and γ reflex discharge from the spinal cord was studied in the rat. For comparison, the anticonvulsant phenytoin was included in the investigation. All drugs antagonized the action of a high dose of reserpine on motor control by reducing the increased α and increasing the diminished γ reflex activity. The latency of α reflex discharge shortened by reserpine was increased by the drugs. The results provide further support of the view that disturbance of motor control caused by reserpine in the rat derives from an imbalance between monoaminergic and cholinergic systems in the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Reserpine ; Haloperidol ; Naloxone ; Tail-flick response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reserpine (10 mg/kg) and haloperidol (2 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally increased the reaction time of the tail-flick response in intact but not in pre-nigrally decerebrate or spinal rats. The anti-nociceptive effect of both drugs was antagonized by intraperitoneal injections of dopa (100 mg/kg), apomorphine (2mg/kg) or naloxone (1 mg/kg) as well as by bilateral micro-injections into the caudate nuclei of apomorphine (100 μg and 20 μg) and naloxone (10 μg). It is concluded that the nigrostriatal feedback system is involved in the anti-nociceptive effect of reserpine and haloperidol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 309 (1979), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Morphine ; Opioid analgesics ; Haloperidol ; Naloxone ; Apomorphine ; Nociceptive reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of intracaudate (i.c.) microinjections of morphine, opioid analgesics and haloperidol was determined on the tail-flick response evoked by radiant heat in rats. Bilateral injections (0.2 μl on each side) into the caudate nuclei of morphine 5 μg, pethidine 50 μg, levorphanol 4 μg, dextrorphan 10 μg and haloperidol 5 μg significantly increased the reaction time of the tail-flick response. The antinociceptive effect of an i.c. injection of morphine or levorphanol was abolished by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of naloxone 0.2 mg/kg or apomorphine 2 mg/kg. The anti-nociceptive effect of pethidine, dextrorphan and haloperidol was reduced but not abolished by an i.p. injection of naloxone 0.2 mg/kg. An i.p. injection of apomorphine 2 mg/kg abolished the effect of an i.c. injection of haloperidol. A bilateral i.c. injection of naloxone 5 μg or apomorphine 10 μg reduced the anti-nociceptive effect of an i.p. injection of morphine 2 mg/kg or haloperidol 2 mg/kg, but did not abolish it. It is concluded that (1) an anti-nociceptive effect can be achieved by an action on the caudate nucleus of the drugs tested; (2) the anti-nociceptive effect exerted by morphine and levorphanol in the caudate nucleus is due to a specific action mediated by opiate receptors, whilst that produced by pethidine and dextrorphan is due to a specific and/or unspecific action; (3) the anti-nociceptive effect of haloperidol in the caudate nucleus is due to an impairment of dopaminergic impulse transmission, which is also involved in the effect of morphine and levorphanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 245 (1962), S. 56-57 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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