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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinder der Zeugen Jehovas ; Anämie ; Verbrennung ; Erythropoetin ; Key words Children of Jehovah's witnesses ; Burn injury ; Anaemia ; Erythropoietin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A 3.5-year-old girl suffered from a thermal injury affecting 37% of the body surface area. The parents, being Jehovah's witnesses, refused permission for their child to receive blood transfusions. As the haemoglobin level was only 7.5% and a necrectomy was planned, the patient was likely to need blood transfusions. Indications for transfusion were defined as clinical signs of hypoxia and/or cardiovascular instability. A judicial declaration was proposed. Hb decreased during the therapy. To stimulate the erythropoiesis erythropoietin and iron were administered. During the clinical course the anaemia worsened. First, a conservative treatment with polyvidoniodine ointment for tanning was started, to avoid an operation during the acute phase after the injury, as in this case it was thought a blood transfusion would definitely be necessary. On the 19th day after the injury a necrectomy of 10% of the body surface was necessary because of fever and leucocytosis not responding to antibiotics. The most likely cause of the symptoms was an infection of the burned area. Hb was 4.6 g/dl%. General anaesthesia was performed with midazolam, ketamine and vecuronium and mechanical ventilation. No blood transfusion was required during the operation.Vital signs were stable during the preoperative period, during anaesthesia and following the operation. There were no signs of tissue hypoxia. Peripheral oxygen saturation ranged between 98% and 100%, lactate and arterial blood gas samples were normal, and the child was awake and cooperative before and after anaesthesia. The lowest Hb was 3.3 g/dl on the 22th day after injury (3rd postoperative day). In this phase the patient was still playing and riding a tricycle. On the 45th day after injury the child was discharged home with Hb of 10.9 g/dl and reticulocytosis of 33%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein 3,5jähriges Mädchen, dessen Eltern als Zeugen Jehovas eine Bluttransfusion bei ihrem Kind kategorisch ablehnten, wurde mit einer Verbrennung von 37% der Körperoberfläche und einem Hb von 7,5 g/dl zur Operation verlegt. Als Transfusionsindikationen wurden für den stationären Aufenthalt klinische Zeichen einer Hypoxie und/oder Kreislaufinstabilität festgelegt. Es wurde eine richterliche Verfügung erwirkt, die den Eltern das Sorgerecht für die medizinischen Maßnahmen entzog, um ggf. bei oben beschriebener Indikation eine Transfusion durchführen zu können. Im Verlauf der Behandlung nahmen Hb und Hk weiter ab. Trotz Gabe von Erythropoetin und Eisen konnte die Erythropoese nicht stimuliert werden. Um eine Operation im Akutstadium zu vermeiden, die mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Bluttransfusion erforderlich gemacht hätte, wurde primär eine konservative Therapie mit einer Gerbung durch Polyvidon-Jodsalbe durchgeführt. Aufgrund einer nekrosebedingten systemischen Infektion erfolgte am 19. Tag eine Nekrosektomie von ca. 10% der Körperoberfläche mit Deckung durch Eigenhaut vom Unterschenkel in intravenöser Anästhesie und kontrollierter Beatmung (Ketamin/Midazolam/Vecuronium). Der Hb betrug präoperativ 4,6 g/dl, der Hk 14%. Da das Kind während des gesamten stationären Aufenthalts kreislaufstabil war und keine Zeichen einer Hypoxie auftraten, wurde keine Transfusion durchgeführt. Der niedrigste Hb betrug am 22. Tag nach Unfall (=3. postoperativer Tag) 3,3 g/dl. Am 45. Tag nach Unfall wurde das Kind mit einem Hb von 10,9 g/dl und 33% Retikulozyten im Differentialblutbild nach Hause entlassen.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter S-100 Protein ; Neutronenspezifische Enolase ; Postoperatives kognitives Defizit ; Delir ; Keywords S-100 protein ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Postoperative cognitive deficit ; Delirium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serum concentrations serve as markers of cerebral damage in cardiac surgery, neurology, or after head injury. In these circumstances, S-100 and NSE levels correspond with the results of neuropsychological tests. The present study investigated the diagnostic value in orthopaedic patients after joint replacement. Methods. Forty patients scheduled for elective hip or knee arthroplasty were investigated. Serum values of NSE and S-100 were determined preoperatively and 30 min and 4, 18, and 36 h postoperatively. Neuropsychological tests (syndrome short test, SKT, delirium assessment according to DSM IV) were performed preoperatively and two, three, and four days following surgery. General anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl and etomidate and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air. Findings. The S-100 increased from a median of 0.04 ng/ml (range 0.004–0.19 ng/ml) preoperatively to 1.03 ng/ml (range 0.18–3.65 ng/ml) at 30 minutes postoperatively (P〈0.0001). These levels returned to normal in the course of the following 2 days. NSE values were 8.55 ng/ml (range 4.6–14.9 ng/ml) preoperatively and 7.07 ng/ml (range 4–16.4 ng/ml) postoperatively (P=0.167). There were no differences in serum concentrations of S-100 and NSE between normal patients and those with postoperative cognitive deficit. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the serum marker and neuropsychological tests. Interpretation. Obviously, increased NSE levels seem to indicate cerebral damage only in more severe cases. S-100 does not seem to be brain-specific in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Therefore, the value of S-100 in the assessment of brain disorders is limited.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das S-100 Protein und die Neuronenspezifische Enolase (NSE) werden als Serummarker zerebraler Störungen nach Schlaganfällen, Reanimationen und Operationen mit Herz-Lungen-Maschine angesehen. Die vorliegende Studie sollte prüfen, ob diese Marker auch nach orthopädischen Operationen zerebrale Dysfunktionen anzeigen. Methodik. 40 Patienten mit Allgemeinanästhesie zu Hüft- oder Knieprothesenimplantation wurden untersucht. NSE und S-100 wurden präoperativ und 30 min, 4, 18, 36 h postoperativ bestimmt. Am 2.–4. Tag erfolgten neuropsychologische Untersuchungen und eine Delirdiagnostik. Ergebnisse. S-100 stieg postoperativ sowohl bei Patienten mit postoperativem Delir als auch bei Patienten mit ungestörter Kognition signifikant an. Die NSE-Serumkonzentrationen änderten sich nicht. Zwischen S-100, NSE und neuropsychologischen Testergebnissen fand sich kein Zusammenhang. Schlussfolgerung. NSE-Erhöhungen sind offensichtlich nur bei massiven Hirnsubstanzdefekten Hinweis für die zerebrale Schädigung. Außerdem ergaben sich Hinweise für eine postoperative Freisetzung von S-100 auch aus extrazerebralen Quellen, was den Wert für die Diagnostik zerebraler Störungen einschränkt.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 45 (1996), S. 495-505 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Chronischer Nicht-Tumor-Schmerz – Opioide – Neuropatischer Schmerz – Opioidsensibilität – Standards ; Key words Chronic non-cancer pain – Opioids – Sensitivity – Neuropathic pain – Standards – Efficacy – Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The treatment of cancer pain with opioids is well accepted. However, the use of opioids for the treatment of non-cancer pain is still a matter of controversy. The main matters of concern are physical dependence and opioid abuse. Another argument against opioids is the lack of efficacy. Experiences with opioids in non-cancer pain have been published on about 850 patients, the longest therapy lasting almost 14 years. 85% of the patients treated with opioids had beneficial effects. In a number of investigations evaluating the opioid sensibility of pain by PCA and intravenous infusions, 67–80% of the patients with neuropathic pain responded to opioids. The efficacy of opioids in the treatment of non-cancer pain was proven in 3 placebo controlled studies. In 2 studies pain reduction in neuropathic pain was similar to that in nociceptive pain. When opioids are used, the administration has to be performed according to well defined standards. The indication for opioids must be made by a specialist in pain management. The diagnosis must clearly reveal an organic origin of the pain. Before the start of therapy the duration as well as the criteria for discontinuation must be set up. The treatment must be controlled by a specialist team and frequent regular follow up investigations must be performed. These must include proper documentation of the pain level, changes in patients' function and in social activities. The reliable intake of prescribed medication must be assured if necessary by laboratory screening. The treatment of non-cancer pain with opioids may be an alternative for those patients, who didn't gain sufficient reduction of pain by other therapies. Standards for this therapy are an absolute necessity and are to be followed closely.
    Notes: Zum Thema Während die Opioidtherapie bei karzinombedingten Schmerzen mittlerweile allgemein akzeptiert ist, wird die Verordnung von starken Opioiden bei Nicht-Tumor-Schmerzen weiter kontrovers diskutiert. Die Argumente gegen diese Therapieform bei Nicht-Tumor-Schmerzen sind Nebenwirkungen wie psychische Abhängigkeit, Opioidmißbrauch und auch klinische Effizienz. Mittlerweile wurden Erfahrungen über eine Opioidtherapie von fast 850 Patienten mit Nicht-Tumor-Schmerzen in 14 Studien publiziert. Der Behandlungszeitraum betrug dabei bis zu 14 Jahre. Eine Wirksamkeit war insgesamt bei 85% der Patienten gegeben. Auch in drei placebokontrollierten Studien konnte die Wirksamkeit einer Opioidtherapie bei Nicht-Tumor-Schmerzen nachgewiesen werden. Neuropathische Schmerzen hatten in zwei Untersuchungen keine geringere Schmerzreduktion als nozizeptive Schmerzen. In mehreren Untersuchungen zur Testung der Opioidsensibilität erwiesen sich neuropathische Schmerzen in 67 bis 80% als opioidsensibel. Wenn eine Opioidtherapie eingeleitet werden soll, muß dies nach festgelegten Standards erfolgen. Die Indikation muß von einem erfahrenen ,,Schmerztherapeuten`` gestellt werden, und es muß eine klare organische Diagnose vorliegen. Vor Therapiebeginn müssen die geplante Dauer der Therapie und die eventuellen Abbruchkriterien festgelegt werden. Die Therapie muß von einem in der Schmerztherapie erfahrenen Arzt kontrolliert werden, und es müssen regelmäßige Qualitätskontrollen erfolgen. Wenn diese Standards eingehalten werden, kann nach Ausschöpfen aller alternativen Therapieformen die Opioidtherapie eine effektive und sichere Behandlung chronischer Nicht-Tumor-Schmerzen darstellen, die geeigneten Patienten nicht vorenthalten werden sollte.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 46 (1997), S. S147 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Antinozizeption ; Perioperativer Schmerz ; Präemptive Analgesie ; Regionalanästhesie ; Schmerzphysiologie ; Spätfolgen ; Key words Antinociception ; Pre-emptive analgesia ; Regional anaesthesia ; Perioperative pain ; long-term sequelae ; Physiology of pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Nociception is a protective system of the body which prevents it from injury and tissue damage. Human beings respond to noxious stimuli by moving away. They learn by pain to avoid these situations in future. Shortly after major injury, there is a limited analgesic period allowing the body to flee the area of danger, later on, emerging pain compels the body to rest and supports recuperation. While acute pain has a certain meaning, chronic pain does not. It induces a comprehensive suffering including loss of initiative, appetite and vigilance. It reduces life-quality, often accompanied by depressive moods. Acute pain causes changes in the central nervous system leading to an increased sensitivity of nociception (hyperalgesia). During healing, the central processing of noxious stimuli is normalised taking minutes to weeks. Sometimes, unknown factors initiate chronification of pain. Changes on a molecular level in peripheral tissue as well as in the central nervous system induce ”cellular early genes” [24], a synthesis of c-fos, c-jun and other proteins favouring the chronification of pain. All efforts have to be made to depress or interrupt such a development. One of the first steps to pain prophylaxis in a hospital is an optimal surgical technique: incision, extension, limited tissue damage and minimal invasive surgery should guarantee the smallest impairment of the nociceptive system possible. However, nociceptive input is intense and of long duration and leads to central sensibilisation. Postoperative pain has lost its function as surgery anticipates healing. Pain induces a reduction of ventilation, circulation, digestion and increases the risk of other disorders. There is need of aggressive pain treatment for humanitarian reasons and for reasons of late sequelae like permanent pain and increased reduction of function [10]. This is of pivotal importance in patients with amputations or sympathetic reflex dystrophy (SRD). Antinociception is best provided by regional anaesthesia technique with a combination of local anaesthetics and opioids which results in better outcome [2, 12]. Hence, regional anaesthesia techniques are strongly indicated in those patients. Good antinociception may be even more important than it is assumed today. Anand [1] demonstrated a lower morbidity and mortality in 45 newborns undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, when general anaesthesia was performed with high-dose sufentanil versus halothane supplementary doses of morphine. Anaesthesiologists have to reconsider the quality of general anaesthesia: the antinociception of their regimen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine detaillierte Kenntnis der Schmerzphysiologie erlaubt dem Anästhesisten, gezielte Narkose- und Analgesieverfahren einzusetzen, um das postoperative Outcome der Patienten zu verbessern. Antinozizeption: Postoperative Schmerzen können vermindert werden durch eine effektive Antinozizeption während der Operation und in der frühen postoperativen Phase. Antinozizeptive Therapie ist effektiver, wenn sie präoperativ eingeleitet wird. Dazu können lokal- und regionalanästhesiologische Verfahren unter Verwendung von Lokalanästhetika/Opioiden eingesetzt werden, aber auch systemische Opioide [21]. Klinisch besonders eindrucksvolle Resultate werden erzielt, wenn die antinozizeptive Blockade vollständig ist und sich deutlich in die postoperative Phase hinein erstreckt. Nozizeption: Eine gute Abschirmung der Nozizeption ist besonders wichtig, wenn sich dadurch Spätfolgen wie Phantomschmerzen oder eine sympathische Reflexdystrophie vermeiden lassen. Das konnte nur für regionalanästhesiologische Verfahren nachgewiesen werden, weshalb diese Verfahren bei Amputationen und Extremitäteneingriffen eine klare Indikation haben.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tramadol ; Enantiomere ; Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Wirksamkeit ; Nebenwirkungen ; Key words Tramadol ; Enantiomers ; Postoperative pain therapy ; Efficacy ; Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The goal of this prospective, randomised and double-blind pilot-study was to investigate the analgesic potency and the side-effects of tramadol enantiomers in clinical practice. One hundred patients recovering from orthopaedic surgery with a postoperative pain intensity of more than 50 on a visual analogue scale 0–100 mm (Table 1) were recruited for the study. They were treated in a randomised, double-blind way with a maximal dose of 150 mg i.v. (+)-, (−)-tramadol, racemate, or 15 mg i.v. morphine or saline in the placebo group (5 groups, 20 patients each). The primary criterium of efficacy was the number of responders defined as patients with a pain reduction of at least 20 on VAS after 40 min. In case of pain, responders were allowed to continue with the double-blind drug up to six hours. The non-responders were treated with morphine as the rescue analgesic. The secondary criterium was the incidence and severity of side-effects. Six patients terminated the study prematurely. One patient was excluded because of an allergic reaction to morphine, one patient could not be treated sufficiently with morphine, four were excluded because of protocol violations. There were 8 responders in the (+)-tramadol-, 6 in the (−)-tramadol- and 6 in the racemate group, 16* (P〈0,05) in the morphine group, and 5 in the placebo group. Pain intensity after 40 min was reduced by 20 (p〈0,05), 17 (p〈0,05), 17 (p〈0,05), 36 (p〈0,01 vs placebo, p〈0,05 vs (+)-, (−)-tramadol, and racemate group) and 5 mm on the VAS in the (+)-, (−)-, (+/−)-tramadol-, morphine- and placebo-group, respectively. Thirty eight adverse events like nausea, vomiting, PCO2-increase, and urinary retention occurred in 20 patients, most frequently in the (+)-tramadol- and morphine group. Sedation was significantly less profound in the (−)-tramadol group 1–4 h postoperatively. There were no side-effect in the tramadol racemate group. The enantiomers were equal to the racemate in analgesic potency, but inferior by far to morphine. They showed more adverse events and, hence, can not be preferred to the racemate in postoperative pain therapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einleitung und Methotik: In dieser prospektiven, randomisierten, doppelblinden Plazebo-kontrollierten Studie wurden (+)- und (−)-Tramadol mit Tramadol, Morphin sowie Plazebo an 100 Patienten mit postoperativen Schmerzen verglichen. Die Gruppenstärke betrug jeweils 20 Patienten. Nach einer Aufsättigungsdosis von maximal 150 mg i.v. mit (+)-, (−)-Tramadol und Tramadol, bzw. 15 mg Morphin i.v. konnten die Patienten nach ihrem subjektiven Schmerzempfinden weitere Analgetikaboli anfordern. Ergebnise: (+)- und (−)-Tramadol sowie Tramadol hatten eine vergleichbare analgetische Wirksamkeit, die jedoch bei der gewählten Dosierung für die hohe Schmerzintensität (Eingangskriterium VAS ≥50 mm) unzureichend war. Morphin erwies sich in dieser Studie als das am schnellsten wirksame und stärkste Analgetikum. Das Nebenwirkungsprofil des (+)-Tramadol ließ sich mit dem von Morphin vergleichen – pCO2-Anstieg, Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Miktionsstörung. Patienten, die das (−)-Tramadol erhalten hatten, zeigten weniger dieser unerwünschten Ereignisse. Sie waren auch signifikant weniger sediert. In der Tramadolgruppe kamen unerwünschte Ereignisse nicht vor. Schlußfolgerung: Für keines der Enantiomere konnte innerhalb dieser Pilotstudie ein signifikanter klinischer Vorteil gegenüber dem Racemat ermittelt werden. Es erscheint daher im Rahmen der postoperativen Schmerzbehandlung nicht sinnvoll, das Tramadol durch seine Enantiomere zu ersetzen.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Opiates ; Epidural catheter ; Cancer pain ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epidural opiates were administered to 139 patients with pain due to malignant diseases via a chronic indwelling catheter inserted percutaneously. So far, 9,716 days of treatment can be evaluated. In 87% of the patients whose pain previously could not be controlled with conventional analgesic approaches, epidural opiates resulted in remarkable pain relief. With a mean daily dose of 15.6 mg morphine (range 2–290 mg) or 0.86 mg buprenorphine (range 0.15–7.2 mg) half of the patients could be treated as outpatients. The mean duration of therapy was 72 days (range 1–700 days), 26 catheters being in place for more than 100 days and one catheter being in place for 501 days. Two severe side-effects (meningitis) were observed, both patients being free of symptoms after catheter removal and antibiotic therapy. Epidural opiates proved to be a valuable method of pain control in terminal illness. The method should be reserved for those patients, for whom oral opiates fail to produce effective pain relief.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 232 (1981), S. 146-147 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 232 (1981), S. 310-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histamine is a well known causal factor in a variety of clinical events and complications, especially in allergic and anaphylactoid reactions. We therefore investigated whether a dose-dependent therapeutic effect of H1+H2-antagonists (dimethindene maleate+cimetidine) could be shown in the treatment of a histamine-induced cardiovascular reactions in humans. 6 healthy male volunteers participated in a randomized single-blind crossover-study. A histamine dosage leading to a decrease of the mean arterial pressure to 60 mmHg within 2 min was continuously infused over a period of 15 min on two occasions. The volunteers received either histamine+saline or histamine+treatment first. Treatment started 3 min after the start of the histamine infusion (4 mg dimethindene maleate+200 mg cimetidine i.v.) and was repeated every 2 min until the cardiovascular baseline values were reached or 15 min were completed. Statistical analysis of the treatment effect was performed on an intraindividual basis (ANOVA) withp〈0.05 In both treatment courses mean MAP decreased to about 60 mmHg. While in the saline group MAP remained at this low level during the time of histamine infusion, all volunteers quickly responded to treatment with dimethindene maleate+cimetidine. After 8 mg dimethindene maleate+400 mg cimetidine MAP reached baseline values in all volunteers (p〈0.01). Mean HR increased to 119 bpm in the saline group after 3 min. Treatment with dimethindene maleate+cimetidine showed similar efficacy against histamine-induced tachycardia (p〈0.01). It may thus be concluded that usual dosages of H1- and H2-receptor-antagonists are effective in the treatment of histamine-induced cardiovascular reactions.
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