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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinder der Zeugen Jehovas ; Anämie ; Verbrennung ; Erythropoetin ; Key words Children of Jehovah's witnesses ; Burn injury ; Anaemia ; Erythropoietin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A 3.5-year-old girl suffered from a thermal injury affecting 37% of the body surface area. The parents, being Jehovah's witnesses, refused permission for their child to receive blood transfusions. As the haemoglobin level was only 7.5% and a necrectomy was planned, the patient was likely to need blood transfusions. Indications for transfusion were defined as clinical signs of hypoxia and/or cardiovascular instability. A judicial declaration was proposed. Hb decreased during the therapy. To stimulate the erythropoiesis erythropoietin and iron were administered. During the clinical course the anaemia worsened. First, a conservative treatment with polyvidoniodine ointment for tanning was started, to avoid an operation during the acute phase after the injury, as in this case it was thought a blood transfusion would definitely be necessary. On the 19th day after the injury a necrectomy of 10% of the body surface was necessary because of fever and leucocytosis not responding to antibiotics. The most likely cause of the symptoms was an infection of the burned area. Hb was 4.6 g/dl%. General anaesthesia was performed with midazolam, ketamine and vecuronium and mechanical ventilation. No blood transfusion was required during the operation.Vital signs were stable during the preoperative period, during anaesthesia and following the operation. There were no signs of tissue hypoxia. Peripheral oxygen saturation ranged between 98% and 100%, lactate and arterial blood gas samples were normal, and the child was awake and cooperative before and after anaesthesia. The lowest Hb was 3.3 g/dl on the 22th day after injury (3rd postoperative day). In this phase the patient was still playing and riding a tricycle. On the 45th day after injury the child was discharged home with Hb of 10.9 g/dl and reticulocytosis of 33%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein 3,5jähriges Mädchen, dessen Eltern als Zeugen Jehovas eine Bluttransfusion bei ihrem Kind kategorisch ablehnten, wurde mit einer Verbrennung von 37% der Körperoberfläche und einem Hb von 7,5 g/dl zur Operation verlegt. Als Transfusionsindikationen wurden für den stationären Aufenthalt klinische Zeichen einer Hypoxie und/oder Kreislaufinstabilität festgelegt. Es wurde eine richterliche Verfügung erwirkt, die den Eltern das Sorgerecht für die medizinischen Maßnahmen entzog, um ggf. bei oben beschriebener Indikation eine Transfusion durchführen zu können. Im Verlauf der Behandlung nahmen Hb und Hk weiter ab. Trotz Gabe von Erythropoetin und Eisen konnte die Erythropoese nicht stimuliert werden. Um eine Operation im Akutstadium zu vermeiden, die mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Bluttransfusion erforderlich gemacht hätte, wurde primär eine konservative Therapie mit einer Gerbung durch Polyvidon-Jodsalbe durchgeführt. Aufgrund einer nekrosebedingten systemischen Infektion erfolgte am 19. Tag eine Nekrosektomie von ca. 10% der Körperoberfläche mit Deckung durch Eigenhaut vom Unterschenkel in intravenöser Anästhesie und kontrollierter Beatmung (Ketamin/Midazolam/Vecuronium). Der Hb betrug präoperativ 4,6 g/dl, der Hk 14%. Da das Kind während des gesamten stationären Aufenthalts kreislaufstabil war und keine Zeichen einer Hypoxie auftraten, wurde keine Transfusion durchgeführt. Der niedrigste Hb betrug am 22. Tag nach Unfall (=3. postoperativer Tag) 3,3 g/dl. Am 45. Tag nach Unfall wurde das Kind mit einem Hb von 10,9 g/dl und 33% Retikulozyten im Differentialblutbild nach Hause entlassen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 475-478 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinderanaesthesie ; Hypothermieprävention ; Aluminium-Folien ; konvektive Wärmedecke ; Raumtemperatur 28 ºC. ; Key words Pediatric anaesthesia ; Prevention of hypothermia ; Aluminum sheets ; Convective warming ; Operation room temperature 28 °C.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Children are very sensible to the occurrence of intraoperative hypothermia (HT) (core temperature ≤36.0 ºC) during general anaesthesia because their regulation capacity is less effective than in adults and due to a large skin-surface area compared with their body mass. We compared the efficacy of different heating devices to prevent HT in children during surgery. Methods: With approval of the local ethics committee 50 children between one and seven years, scheduled for peripheral surgery lasting at least 2 hours were included in this studie. Anaesthesia was standardized in all patients. Patients were randomly divided into 5 groups. In group 1, in addition to the usual cotton blankets, room temperature was elevated to 27–28 ºC. In group 2, room temperature was maintained at 27–28 ºC, and the patients were additionally wrapped into an aluminum blanket. In group 3, elevated room temperature was combined with a convective heating blanket. Patients in group 4 were warmed with an aluminum blanket, while the room temperature was maintained at 22 ºC. In group 5, room temperature was maintained at 22 °C and patients were warmed with a convective heating device (Tab. 1). Room and core body temperature (tympanon membran) were continuously measured. ANOVA and Fisher’s exact Test (significance level: p〈0.05) were performed for the statistical analysis of the results. Results: The demographic data of all 5 groups, the infused fluid volume and the anaesthetic technique were similar. There were no significant differences concerning age, hight and weight of the pediatric patients (Tab. 2). The core temperature decreased by −1.7 ºC in group 1. In group 4 core temperature decreased by −1.6 °C. Using a convective warming system in normal am-bient temperature (group 5) core temperature increased by 0.2 ºC and was as effective in the prevention of HT as group 2. A significant increase in core temperture occurred in group 3 +0.7 °C (Tab. 3 and Fig. 1). Discussion: OR temperature seems to be a critical factor influencing heat loss. Increasing OR temperature and covering with cotton sheets was not effective in preventing the heat loss. Increasing room temperature in combination with aluminum sheets is one alternative to prevent HT. Our study shows that the use of a convective warming device prevents HT during a 2-hour surgery in young children even at a OR temperature of about 22 °C. In conclusion, in pediatric patients the use of a convective heating system proved to be an effective alternative to room heating.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kinder sind im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen besonders anfällig für das Auftreten einer perioperativen Hypothermie. Daher untersuchten wir fünf verschiedene intraoperative Wärmemaßnahmen auf ihre Effektivität. Methodik: Nach Genehmigung der Studie durch die Ethikkommission und Aufklärung und Einwilligung der Eltern wurden 50 Patienten im Alter von 1–7 Jahren bei etwa zweistündigen plastisch-chirurgischen Extremitäten-Eingriffen in Intubationsnarkose unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Wärmemaßnahmen auf ihre Temperaturentwicklung untersucht. Als wärmende Maßnahmen kamen Baumwolltücher (Gruppe 1), Aluminium-Folie (Gruppe 2 und Gruppe 4) und konvektive Wärmedecken (Gruppe 3 und Gruppe 5) zum Bedecken der Patienten bei unterschiedlichen Raumtemperaturen zur Anwendung. Das Narkoseverfahren war bei allen Patienten standardisiert. Ergebnisse: Die Verwendung von Baumwolltüchern bei erhöhter Raumtemperatur ist ebenso ineffektiv das Auftreten einer intraoperativen Hypothermie zu verhindern, wie die Verwendung von Aluminium-Folien bei normaler Raumtemperatur. Wird die konvektive Wärmedecke bei erhöhter Raumtemperatur eingesetzt, so besteht die Gefahr der Überwärmung. Die isolierende Wirkung von Aluminium-Folien bei gleichzeitig angehobener Raumtemperatur erscheint so zuverlässig die Hypothermie zu verhindern wie die konvektive Wärmedecke ohne Raumtemperaturerhöhung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. S126 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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