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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 821-834 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Key words: Stress bleeding – Stress ulcer – Stress lesion – Pathophysiology – Prevention – Antacids – H2-antagonists – Pirenzepine – Sucralfate – Prostaglandins – Omeprazole – Adverse effects – Pneumonia – Mortality – Costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in ICU patients has many possible causes: ulcer, adverse drug effects, gastric tube lesion, acute renal or liver failure, or stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion. Stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions typically are multiple superficial erosions, while ulcerations typically occur in patients with head trauma, neurosurgical operation or severe burns. Head trauma and neurosurgical patients are the only ones with increases gastric acid secretion; in general reduced acid secretion can be observed in ICU patients. An active acid secreting stomach has been shown to be more resistant against mucosal damage than a stomach with basal activity. Active acid secretion depends on sufficient oxygen supply and mucosal ATP content. Hypotension and shock results in gastric mucosal ischaemia. These are the most important risk factors of stress bleeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 44 (1995), S. 61-79 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Streßblutung ; Streßulkus ; Streßläsion ; Pathophysiologie ; Risikofaktoren ; Prophylaxe ; Antazida ; H2-Antagonisten ; Pirenzepin ; Sucralfat ; Prostaglandine ; Omeprazol ; Nebenwirkungen ; Pneumonie ; Mortalität ; Kosten ; Key words ; Stress bleeding ; Stress ulcer ; Stress lesion ; Pathophysiology ; Prevention ; Antacids ; H2-antagonists ; Pirenzepine ; Sucralfate ; Prostaglandins ; Omeprazole ; Adverse effects ; Pneumonia ; Mortality ; Costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Preventive strategies aim to reduce gastric acidity (H2ms (sucralfate, antacids, pirenzepine) and to normalize gastric mucosal microcirculation (sucralfate, pirenzepine). Thus, the most important prophylactic measure is an optimized emergency and ICU regime aiming to improve oxygenation and microcirculation. All specific drugs used for stress ulcer prophylaxis have been shown to be effective in prospective controlled studies. Furthermore, pirenzepine has been found to be superior to H2-antagonists, at least in neurosurgical patients. Insufficient or no data exist to support the use of prostaglandins or omeprazole for stress ulcer prophylaxis. The most important adverse effect of stress ulcer prophylaxis is nosocomial pneumonia due to gastric alkalinization. This may occur in long-term ventilated patients with a gastric pH〉4 and may account for up to 50% of all nosocomial pneumonias in certain groups of patients. Mortality is not influenced by antacids or H2-antagonists, while sucralfate has been shown to reduce mortality, most probably by inhibition of bacterial translocation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ursachen akuter oberer Gastrointestinalblutungen bei Intensivpatienten sind vielfältig: Ulkuskrankheit, Medikamenteneffekte, Sondenläsionen, akutes Nieren- oder Leberversagen und Streßläsionen. Die letzteren manifestieren sich typischerweise als multiple oberflächliche Mukosaerosionen, während Ulzerationen meist bei Patienten mit Schädelhirntrauma oder nach neurochirurgischen Eingriffen oder Verbrennungstrauma beobachtet werden. Nur bei Patienten mit intrakraniellen Läsionen kommt es regelmäßig zur Hyperazidität. Neuere Erkenntnisse haben deutlich gemacht, daß ein aktiv säuresezernierender Magen resistenter gegen Noxen ist als ein Magen mit nur basaler Säuresekretion. Aktive Säuresekretion erfordert ausreichende Sauerstoffzufuhr und ausreichenden ATP-Gehalt in der Magenmukosa. Hypotension und Schock führen zur Mukosaischämie und sind die bedeutsamsten Risikofaktoren der Streßblutung. Prophylaktische Maßnahmen zielen darauf ab, die Magensäure zu vermindern und insbesondere die protektiven Mechanismen zu stärken. Die wichtigste prophylaktische Maßnahme ist deshalb eine frühzeitige optimale Schocktherapie. Alle derzeit in Deutschland zugelassenen spezifischen medikamentösen Prophylaxeregimes haben sich in kontrollierten Studien als wirksam erwiesen. Für neurochirurgische Patienten konnte darüber hinaus eine überlegene Wirksamkeit von Pirenzepin gegenüber H2g;blutungsprophylaxe. Die bedeutsamste Nebenwirkung ist eine erhöhte Pneumonierate unter säuresupprimierender Streßblutungsprophylaxe. Diese Nebenwirkung beobachtet man bei langzeitbeatmeten Intensivpatienten mit einem Magensaft pH 〉4. Bei speziellen Risikogruppen werden bis zu 50% aller nosokomialen Pneumonien durch diese Nebenwirkung verursacht. Die bei längerfristig beatmeten Patienten beobachtete geringere Mortalität unter Sucralfat im Vergleich zu H2-Antagonisten/Antazida kann wahrscheinlich durch die verminderte Translokation von Bakterien aus dem Gastrointestinaltrakt erklärt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinder der Zeugen Jehovas ; Anämie ; Verbrennung ; Erythropoetin ; Key words Children of Jehovah's witnesses ; Burn injury ; Anaemia ; Erythropoietin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A 3.5-year-old girl suffered from a thermal injury affecting 37% of the body surface area. The parents, being Jehovah's witnesses, refused permission for their child to receive blood transfusions. As the haemoglobin level was only 7.5% and a necrectomy was planned, the patient was likely to need blood transfusions. Indications for transfusion were defined as clinical signs of hypoxia and/or cardiovascular instability. A judicial declaration was proposed. Hb decreased during the therapy. To stimulate the erythropoiesis erythropoietin and iron were administered. During the clinical course the anaemia worsened. First, a conservative treatment with polyvidoniodine ointment for tanning was started, to avoid an operation during the acute phase after the injury, as in this case it was thought a blood transfusion would definitely be necessary. On the 19th day after the injury a necrectomy of 10% of the body surface was necessary because of fever and leucocytosis not responding to antibiotics. The most likely cause of the symptoms was an infection of the burned area. Hb was 4.6 g/dl%. General anaesthesia was performed with midazolam, ketamine and vecuronium and mechanical ventilation. No blood transfusion was required during the operation.Vital signs were stable during the preoperative period, during anaesthesia and following the operation. There were no signs of tissue hypoxia. Peripheral oxygen saturation ranged between 98% and 100%, lactate and arterial blood gas samples were normal, and the child was awake and cooperative before and after anaesthesia. The lowest Hb was 3.3 g/dl on the 22th day after injury (3rd postoperative day). In this phase the patient was still playing and riding a tricycle. On the 45th day after injury the child was discharged home with Hb of 10.9 g/dl and reticulocytosis of 33%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein 3,5jähriges Mädchen, dessen Eltern als Zeugen Jehovas eine Bluttransfusion bei ihrem Kind kategorisch ablehnten, wurde mit einer Verbrennung von 37% der Körperoberfläche und einem Hb von 7,5 g/dl zur Operation verlegt. Als Transfusionsindikationen wurden für den stationären Aufenthalt klinische Zeichen einer Hypoxie und/oder Kreislaufinstabilität festgelegt. Es wurde eine richterliche Verfügung erwirkt, die den Eltern das Sorgerecht für die medizinischen Maßnahmen entzog, um ggf. bei oben beschriebener Indikation eine Transfusion durchführen zu können. Im Verlauf der Behandlung nahmen Hb und Hk weiter ab. Trotz Gabe von Erythropoetin und Eisen konnte die Erythropoese nicht stimuliert werden. Um eine Operation im Akutstadium zu vermeiden, die mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Bluttransfusion erforderlich gemacht hätte, wurde primär eine konservative Therapie mit einer Gerbung durch Polyvidon-Jodsalbe durchgeführt. Aufgrund einer nekrosebedingten systemischen Infektion erfolgte am 19. Tag eine Nekrosektomie von ca. 10% der Körperoberfläche mit Deckung durch Eigenhaut vom Unterschenkel in intravenöser Anästhesie und kontrollierter Beatmung (Ketamin/Midazolam/Vecuronium). Der Hb betrug präoperativ 4,6 g/dl, der Hk 14%. Da das Kind während des gesamten stationären Aufenthalts kreislaufstabil war und keine Zeichen einer Hypoxie auftraten, wurde keine Transfusion durchgeführt. Der niedrigste Hb betrug am 22. Tag nach Unfall (=3. postoperativer Tag) 3,3 g/dl. Am 45. Tag nach Unfall wurde das Kind mit einem Hb von 10,9 g/dl und 33% Retikulozyten im Differentialblutbild nach Hause entlassen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 475-478 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kinderanaesthesie ; Hypothermieprävention ; Aluminium-Folien ; konvektive Wärmedecke ; Raumtemperatur 28 ºC. ; Key words Pediatric anaesthesia ; Prevention of hypothermia ; Aluminum sheets ; Convective warming ; Operation room temperature 28 °C.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Children are very sensible to the occurrence of intraoperative hypothermia (HT) (core temperature ≤36.0 ºC) during general anaesthesia because their regulation capacity is less effective than in adults and due to a large skin-surface area compared with their body mass. We compared the efficacy of different heating devices to prevent HT in children during surgery. Methods: With approval of the local ethics committee 50 children between one and seven years, scheduled for peripheral surgery lasting at least 2 hours were included in this studie. Anaesthesia was standardized in all patients. Patients were randomly divided into 5 groups. In group 1, in addition to the usual cotton blankets, room temperature was elevated to 27–28 ºC. In group 2, room temperature was maintained at 27–28 ºC, and the patients were additionally wrapped into an aluminum blanket. In group 3, elevated room temperature was combined with a convective heating blanket. Patients in group 4 were warmed with an aluminum blanket, while the room temperature was maintained at 22 ºC. In group 5, room temperature was maintained at 22 °C and patients were warmed with a convective heating device (Tab. 1). Room and core body temperature (tympanon membran) were continuously measured. ANOVA and Fisher’s exact Test (significance level: p〈0.05) were performed for the statistical analysis of the results. Results: The demographic data of all 5 groups, the infused fluid volume and the anaesthetic technique were similar. There were no significant differences concerning age, hight and weight of the pediatric patients (Tab. 2). The core temperature decreased by −1.7 ºC in group 1. In group 4 core temperature decreased by −1.6 °C. Using a convective warming system in normal am-bient temperature (group 5) core temperature increased by 0.2 ºC and was as effective in the prevention of HT as group 2. A significant increase in core temperture occurred in group 3 +0.7 °C (Tab. 3 and Fig. 1). Discussion: OR temperature seems to be a critical factor influencing heat loss. Increasing OR temperature and covering with cotton sheets was not effective in preventing the heat loss. Increasing room temperature in combination with aluminum sheets is one alternative to prevent HT. Our study shows that the use of a convective warming device prevents HT during a 2-hour surgery in young children even at a OR temperature of about 22 °C. In conclusion, in pediatric patients the use of a convective heating system proved to be an effective alternative to room heating.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kinder sind im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen besonders anfällig für das Auftreten einer perioperativen Hypothermie. Daher untersuchten wir fünf verschiedene intraoperative Wärmemaßnahmen auf ihre Effektivität. Methodik: Nach Genehmigung der Studie durch die Ethikkommission und Aufklärung und Einwilligung der Eltern wurden 50 Patienten im Alter von 1–7 Jahren bei etwa zweistündigen plastisch-chirurgischen Extremitäten-Eingriffen in Intubationsnarkose unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Wärmemaßnahmen auf ihre Temperaturentwicklung untersucht. Als wärmende Maßnahmen kamen Baumwolltücher (Gruppe 1), Aluminium-Folie (Gruppe 2 und Gruppe 4) und konvektive Wärmedecken (Gruppe 3 und Gruppe 5) zum Bedecken der Patienten bei unterschiedlichen Raumtemperaturen zur Anwendung. Das Narkoseverfahren war bei allen Patienten standardisiert. Ergebnisse: Die Verwendung von Baumwolltüchern bei erhöhter Raumtemperatur ist ebenso ineffektiv das Auftreten einer intraoperativen Hypothermie zu verhindern, wie die Verwendung von Aluminium-Folien bei normaler Raumtemperatur. Wird die konvektive Wärmedecke bei erhöhter Raumtemperatur eingesetzt, so besteht die Gefahr der Überwärmung. Die isolierende Wirkung von Aluminium-Folien bei gleichzeitig angehobener Raumtemperatur erscheint so zuverlässig die Hypothermie zu verhindern wie die konvektive Wärmedecke ohne Raumtemperaturerhöhung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tramadol ; Enantiomere ; Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Wirksamkeit ; Nebenwirkungen ; Key words Tramadol ; Enantiomers ; Postoperative pain therapy ; Efficacy ; Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The goal of this prospective, randomised and double-blind pilot-study was to investigate the analgesic potency and the side-effects of tramadol enantiomers in clinical practice. One hundred patients recovering from orthopaedic surgery with a postoperative pain intensity of more than 50 on a visual analogue scale 0–100 mm (Table 1) were recruited for the study. They were treated in a randomised, double-blind way with a maximal dose of 150 mg i.v. (+)-, (−)-tramadol, racemate, or 15 mg i.v. morphine or saline in the placebo group (5 groups, 20 patients each). The primary criterium of efficacy was the number of responders defined as patients with a pain reduction of at least 20 on VAS after 40 min. In case of pain, responders were allowed to continue with the double-blind drug up to six hours. The non-responders were treated with morphine as the rescue analgesic. The secondary criterium was the incidence and severity of side-effects. Six patients terminated the study prematurely. One patient was excluded because of an allergic reaction to morphine, one patient could not be treated sufficiently with morphine, four were excluded because of protocol violations. There were 8 responders in the (+)-tramadol-, 6 in the (−)-tramadol- and 6 in the racemate group, 16* (P〈0,05) in the morphine group, and 5 in the placebo group. Pain intensity after 40 min was reduced by 20 (p〈0,05), 17 (p〈0,05), 17 (p〈0,05), 36 (p〈0,01 vs placebo, p〈0,05 vs (+)-, (−)-tramadol, and racemate group) and 5 mm on the VAS in the (+)-, (−)-, (+/−)-tramadol-, morphine- and placebo-group, respectively. Thirty eight adverse events like nausea, vomiting, PCO2-increase, and urinary retention occurred in 20 patients, most frequently in the (+)-tramadol- and morphine group. Sedation was significantly less profound in the (−)-tramadol group 1–4 h postoperatively. There were no side-effect in the tramadol racemate group. The enantiomers were equal to the racemate in analgesic potency, but inferior by far to morphine. They showed more adverse events and, hence, can not be preferred to the racemate in postoperative pain therapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einleitung und Methotik: In dieser prospektiven, randomisierten, doppelblinden Plazebo-kontrollierten Studie wurden (+)- und (−)-Tramadol mit Tramadol, Morphin sowie Plazebo an 100 Patienten mit postoperativen Schmerzen verglichen. Die Gruppenstärke betrug jeweils 20 Patienten. Nach einer Aufsättigungsdosis von maximal 150 mg i.v. mit (+)-, (−)-Tramadol und Tramadol, bzw. 15 mg Morphin i.v. konnten die Patienten nach ihrem subjektiven Schmerzempfinden weitere Analgetikaboli anfordern. Ergebnise: (+)- und (−)-Tramadol sowie Tramadol hatten eine vergleichbare analgetische Wirksamkeit, die jedoch bei der gewählten Dosierung für die hohe Schmerzintensität (Eingangskriterium VAS ≥50 mm) unzureichend war. Morphin erwies sich in dieser Studie als das am schnellsten wirksame und stärkste Analgetikum. Das Nebenwirkungsprofil des (+)-Tramadol ließ sich mit dem von Morphin vergleichen – pCO2-Anstieg, Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Miktionsstörung. Patienten, die das (−)-Tramadol erhalten hatten, zeigten weniger dieser unerwünschten Ereignisse. Sie waren auch signifikant weniger sediert. In der Tramadolgruppe kamen unerwünschte Ereignisse nicht vor. Schlußfolgerung: Für keines der Enantiomere konnte innerhalb dieser Pilotstudie ein signifikanter klinischer Vorteil gegenüber dem Racemat ermittelt werden. Es erscheint daher im Rahmen der postoperativen Schmerzbehandlung nicht sinnvoll, das Tramadol durch seine Enantiomere zu ersetzen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Opiates ; Epidural catheter ; Cancer pain ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epidural opiates were administered to 139 patients with pain due to malignant diseases via a chronic indwelling catheter inserted percutaneously. So far, 9,716 days of treatment can be evaluated. In 87% of the patients whose pain previously could not be controlled with conventional analgesic approaches, epidural opiates resulted in remarkable pain relief. With a mean daily dose of 15.6 mg morphine (range 2–290 mg) or 0.86 mg buprenorphine (range 0.15–7.2 mg) half of the patients could be treated as outpatients. The mean duration of therapy was 72 days (range 1–700 days), 26 catheters being in place for more than 100 days and one catheter being in place for 501 days. Two severe side-effects (meningitis) were observed, both patients being free of symptoms after catheter removal and antibiotic therapy. Epidural opiates proved to be a valuable method of pain control in terminal illness. The method should be reserved for those patients, for whom oral opiates fail to produce effective pain relief.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. S104 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion Warming up of hypothermic polytraumatized victims during operative phase using convective warming and “Level 1” system is possible. In comparable injury severity, an early active rewarming of polytraumatic patients seems to shorten the duration of ventilation and stay in ICU.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. S126 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 20 (1994), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Cephalalgia 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2982
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A subcutaneous preparation of GR43175, a novel antimigraine 5-HT1-like agonist, was considered to represent a convenient way of administering the drug to patients during an acute migraine attack. In a series of open, uncontrolled dose-ranging studies, 82 patients with migraine were assessed serially for changes in severity of headache and associated symptoms following subcutaneous GR43175 in doses of 1–4 mg. Subcutaneous injection of 3 mg or 4 mg was found to be most effective. Within 60 min, 90% of patients had obtained complete relief of all migraine symptoms. Tolerability was good, 59% of patients reporting no adverse effects. Those reported mainly comprised transient local irritation to the injection. There were no changes attributable to GR43175 in heart rate, blood pressure, ECG readings or laboratory parameters.
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