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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hemihepatektomie ; Hämodynamik ; Oxygenierung ; Lebervenenkatheter ; Key words Hemihepatectomy ; Hemodynamic ; Oxygenation ; Liver venous catheter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to compare low dose dopamine and dopexamine with respect to of liver-venous oxygen saturation, oxygen delivery and – demand, liver function tests and cardiocirculatory effects in the reperfusion period during a hemihepatectomy operation with occlusion of the liver hilus. Methods: Twenty patients were studied in a randomised, doubleblind setting. They either received 2 µg/kg per min dopamine or 0.5 µg/kg per min dopexamine perioperatively. For monitoring purposes a pulmonary artery and a liver venous catheter were placed. At four different time points hemodynamic parameter were assessed and blood samples were drawn. Results: Significant changes between groups were found 5 min after opening the liver hilus for the cardiac index and the systemic oxygen delivery, as well as at the end of the operation for pulmonary shunt volume, which had increased more in the dopexamine group. No significant difference between liver venous oxygen saturation and liver function tests was found. Conclusion: Until more detailed studies concerning the influence of dopamine on the hepatic-splanchnic region during liver surgery are performed, dopexamine can not be considered superior to dopamine during these operations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Gibt es einen Unterschied bezüglich der leber-venösen Sauerstoffsättigung, des Sauerstoffangebots und -verbrauchs, der Leberfunktion sowie der kardiozirkulatorischen Effekte während der Reperfusion zwischen niedrig dosiertem Dopamin und Dopexamin bei Leberteilresektionen mit Leberhilusokklusion? Methodik: 20 Patienten wurden randomisiert, doppelblind in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt und erhielten entweder 2 µg/kg/min Dopamin oder 0,5 µg/kg/min Dopexamin. Für das perioperative Monitoring wurden ein pulmonalarterieller- und ein Lebervenenkatheter gelegt. Zu vier Meßzeitpunkten wurden Parameter der Hämodynamik erhoben und Blut abgenommen. Ergebnisse: Ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen bestand 5 min nach Eröffnung des Leberhilus in einem stärker angestiegenen Cardiacindex und systemischen Sauerstoffangebot sowie am OP-En-de in einem stärker angestiegenen pulmonalen Shuntvolumen in der Dopexamingruppe. Es gab keinen Unterschied bezüglich der leber-venösen Sauerstoffsättigung und der Leberfunktionsparameter. Schlußfolgerung: Bis weiterführende Untersuchungen mit differenzierter Betrachtung der Wirkung von Dopexamin bei leber-chirurgischen Eingriffen vorliegen, ist Dopexamin bei diesen Operationen gegenüber Dopamin nicht als überlegen zu betrachten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 723-729 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Esmolol – Sympathikoadrenerge Reaktion – Narkoseausleitung – Hypertonie ; Key words: Esmolol – Sympathoadrenergic reaction – Recovery – Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. In addition to laryngoscopy, endotracheal intubation, and other stressful intraoperative phases, hypertension occurs during recovery from anaesthesia, provoking postoperative complications like bleeding and increased intracranial or intraocular pressure. Furthermore, these hypertensive reactions result in life-threatening complications, especially in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the effect of the new, short-acting beta-blocker esmolol given as a single bolus for preventing the increases in blood pressure and heart rate during recovery from anaesthesia and extubation in patients with hypertension was investigated. Patients and Methods. Sixty-three patients with a history of hypertension over a period of more than 6 months and blood pressure (BP) more than 150/90 mm Hg undergoing intervertebral-disc, otolaryngologic, or eye surgery were included in the study. The operations were performed during thiopentone-induced isoflurane anaesthesia with relaxation by atracurium. The patients were assigned to three groups after giving witnessed oral informed consent. During the study period they received the study drug twice: (A) 30 – 90 s before turning off the nitrous oxide; and (B) 20 – 90 s before extubation. Group I (placebo) received placebo each time, group II (100 mg esmolol) placebo at A and 100 mg esmolol i.v. at B, and group III (200 mg esmolol) 100 mg esmolol i.v. each time. After each medication the cardiovascular parameters were measured noninvasively over a period of 10 min every minute and in the following 2 h every 15 min. Results After the first medication systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate (HR), and rate-pressure product (RPP) were lower in patients receiving 100 mg esmolol (Group III) than in groups I and II. After the second injection the blood pressure was lower in the two groups receiving 100 mg esmolol, than the placebo group (I: 180.1±7.4/100.7±3.6; II: 152.8±5.8/87.9±3.4; III: 157.9±5.3/91.5±3.6 mm Hg [χ¯2 min±SEM]). The changes in HR (I: 88.2±3.8; II: 75.6±2.6; III: 72±3.1 min−1) and RPP (I: 15,800±900; II: 11,700±700; III: 11,400±600) were similar. In 8 of the 20 patients in group III the HR dropped below 60⋅min−1, but in none of these patients did the BP become instable. Conclusions. The sympathoadrenergic reaction during recovery from anaesthesia and extubation can be treated by beta-blocking agents, but such therapy is not without risk because of the long half-life and effects of the therapy on other factors such as postoperative loss of intravascular volume. Esmolol is a new, short-acting, cardioselective beta-blocker with a very short plasma distribution time and an elimination half-life of 9.2 min. Thus, the potential risks of beta-blockers due to half-life are minimised. The results of this study show that a dangerous increase in BP and HR with increased myocardial oxygen consumption can be prevented by a single bolus, and better by a double bolus of 100 mg esmolol. Although bradycardia with HR below 50⋅min−1 in 8 patients might indicate a risk of cardiac instability, the systolic BP did not fall below 100 mm Hg, and the episode of bradycardia was so short that there was no risk to the patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. In der hier vorgestellten Studie sollte überprüft werden, inwieweit mit Einzelboli von Esmolol einem Anstieg von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz während Narkoseausleitung bei Patienten mit einer Hypertonie vorgebeugt werden kann. In die Studie wurden 63 Patienten aufgenommen, bei denen über mindestens 6 Monate eine Hypertonie bekannt war. Nach der mit Isofluran durchgeführten Narkose erhielten sie einen ersten Bolus der Prüfsubstanz 90 s vor Abstellen der Anästhesiegase, einen zweiten 90 s vor der Extubation. Die Gruppe I (n = 21) erhielt zu beiden Zeitpunkten Natriumchlorid 0,9% als Plazebo, die Gruppe II (n=21) zunächst Plazebo, dann als zweites 100 mg Esmolol und die Gruppe III (n=21) zu beiden Zeitpunkten je 100 mg Esmolol. Nach jeder Gabe wurden die Kreislaufparameter nicht invasiv gemessen und das rate pressure product errechnet. Sowohl nach der ersten als auch nach der zweiten Injektion waren der Blutdruck und die Herzfrequenz bei den Patienten niedriger, die Esmolol erhalten hatten. Die Patienten, die zweimal 100 mg Esmolol erhalten hatten, hatten einen noch geringeren Anstieg des Blutdrucks und der Herzfrequenz als die, die nur einen Bolus erhalten hatten. Bei 8 der 20 Patienten der Gruppe III, die zweimal 100 mg Esmolol erhalten hatten, fiel die Herzfrequenz unter 60 min−1. Lediglich bei zwei dieser Patienten fiel dabei der Blutdruck auf unter 100 mm Hg systolisch (jeweils 97 mm Hg für maximal 3 min). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sich ein möglicherweise gefährlicher Blutdruckanstieg während einer Narkoseausleitung durch die prophylaktische Bolusgabe von einmal 100 mg, besser zweimal 100 mg Esmolol verhindern läßt. Das niedrige rate pressure product gibt einen Hinweis, daß der myokardiale Sauerstoffbedarf durch die Gabe von Esmolol während der Narkoseausleitung gesenkt werden kann. Dabei kann es jedoch zu ausgeprägten Bradykardien kommen, wobei das Blutdruckverhalten allerdings stabil ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Rocuronium ; Intubationsbedingungen ; Key words Rocuronium ; Intubation conditions ; Endoscopic upper airway surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Rocuronium is a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant for which a fast onset has been described. The goal of this study was to examine whether the characteristics of rocuronium could make it an appropriate relaxant for the anaesthetic management of operations of intermediate duration such as endoscopic upper airway surgery. These operations, which require the anaesthesiologist and surgeon to ”share” the patient’s airway, require good muscle relaxation for endotracheal intubation and placement of endoscopic instruments. In addition, the time course of neuromuscular blockade and its relation to the quality of intubating conditions were analysed. Methods: The study was approved by the local ethics committee; 30 patients (ASA status 1–3) scheduled for elective endoscopic upper airway surgery were included after written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were suspected difficult intubating conditions, neuromuscular disease, or antibiotic therapy with aminoglycosides during the last 24 h. Anaesthesia was induced by propofol 2 mg/kg and alfentanil 1 mg after volume loading with 500 ml Ringer’s lactate and preoxygenation, and was maintained by propofol infusion 5–8 mg/kg/h and repetitive alfentanil injections according to clinical needs. Endotracheal intubation was performed by a senior anaesthesiologist 90 s after injection of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg (2×ED95). Intubating conditions were graded 1 to 4 (1=excellent, 2=good, 3=sufficient, 4=inadequate). Acceleromyography was used for neuromuscular monitoring by means of the TOF-guard (Organon Teknika/Biometer). The adduction movement of the thumb was measured by an acceleration transducer while stimulating the ulnar nerve at the wrist via surface electrodes in a supramaximal train-of-four (TOF) mode (2 Hz every 15 s). Twitch height and TOF ratio were documented during the course of neuromuscular blockade. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. Results: Patients were aged 37 to 64 years (mean 54±7). Intubating conditions were excellent in 17 cases and good in 7. In 2 cases intubating conditions were graded sufficient, as patients could be easily intubated but showed clear diaphragmatic movements at intubation. In 4 patients intubating conditions could not be judged, as a laryngoscopic view of the glottic structures was impossible for anatomic reasons. Neuromuscular block at intubation was 78±22%, onset time 152±62 s, clinical duration 30±8 min, and recovery index 11±4 min. The TOF ratio required 51±14 min to return to 0.7. Conclusions: Good to excellent intubating conditions can be expected 90 s after injection of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg. Diaphragmatic reactions cannot be excluded. Complete relaxation of the adductor pollicis muscle is not necessary for endotracheal intubation. Intubation at a certain time interval, for example, 90 s after injection of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg, can be recommended. Onset and recovery characteristics of rocuronium make it an appropriate relaxant for the anaesthetic management of operations of intermediate duration such as endoscopic upper airway surgery. Care should be given, however, to detect inadequate recovery of neuromuscular transmission, as there are considerable interindividual differences in recovery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie sollte am Beispiel von endoskopischen Eingriffen in der HNO-Heilkunde untersucht werden, ob Rocuronium ein geeignetes Muskelrelaxans für die Anästhesie bei mittellang dauernden Operationen ist. Analysiert wurden die Intubationsbedingungen 90 s nach Injektion von 0,6 mg/kg Rocuronium und die Wirkdauer dieser Dosis. Daneben wurden der zeitliche Verlauf der neuromuskulären Blockade und deren Beziehung zu der Qualität der Intubationsbedingungen erfaßt. 30 Patienten der ASA-Klassen 1–3 nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. 90 Sekunden nach Injektion von Rocuronium 0,6 mg/kg beurteilte ein erfahrener Anästhesist die Intubationsbedingungen. Die Messung der Relaxation erfolgte durch die Akzeleromyographie unter supramaximaler Train-of-four Stimulation des N. ulnaris. Bei 17 Patienten fanden sich sehr gute, bei 7 Patienten gute und bei zwei Patienten befriedigende Intubationsbedingungen. 4 Patienten zeigten anatomisch bedingt eine eingeschränkte laryngoskopische Sicht der Glottisstrukturen, so daß bei ihnen die Relaxanzwirkung an der Larynxmuskulatur nicht beurteilt werden konnte. Die maximale Relaxation war nach 152±62 s erreicht. Die klinische Wirkdauer betrug 30±8 min, der Erholungsindex 11±5 min. Nach 51±14 min war ein TOF-Quotient von 0,7 erreicht. Die neuromuskuläre Blockade zum Intubationszeitpunkt betrug 78±22%.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter (S)-Ketamin ; Ketamin-Razemat ; Midazolam ; Endokrine Streßreaktion ; Aufwachverhalten ; Key words (S)-ketamine ; Racemic ketamine ; Midazolam ; Endocrine stress response ; Recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Clinically used ketamine is a racemic mixture of two isomers, (S)- and (R)-ketamine, in equal amounts. Previous investigations showed the anaesthetic potency of (S)-ketamine to be three times higher than that of (R)-ketamine. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of (S)-ketamine/midazolam and racemic ketamine/midazolam on endocrine and cardiovascular parameters, recovery, and side effects in unpremedicated patients during knee surgery. Methods: 41 patients scheduled for elective knee surgery were investigated in a prospective, double-blind, and randomised design. For induction of intravenous anesthesia, patients received 0.1 mg/kg midazolam, 0.003 mg/kg atropine, 1 mg/kg (S)-ketamine or 2 mg/kg racemic ketamine, respectively. For tracheal intubation, 1 mg vecuronium and 1.5 mg/kg suxamethonium were injected. After intubation and relaxation with a total dose of 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium, a continuous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/h (S)- or 1 mg/kg/h racemic ketamine was administered throughout the surgery. In addition, 0.05 mg/kg/h midazolam was infused continously in both groups throughout surgery. Ventilation was performed with N2O/O2 (FiO2 0.3). Blood samples were taken using a central venous line fivetimes before induction as well as during and after surgery for analysis of adrenaline, noradrenaline (by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (by radioimmunoassay). In addition, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (SAP, DAP), heart rate (HR), and arterial oxygen saturation were measured. The time intervals between the end of ketamine and midazolam infusion and the return of consciousness and orientation were recorded. The incidence and quality of dreams and other side effects were reported by the patients. Results: Biometric data of the groups were comparable. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline did not change significantly during anaesthesia. ADH increased significantly (p〈0.05) after skin incision in both groups. ACTH and cortisol increased in both groups significantly during the course of anaesthesia. SAD, DAD and HR increased significantly after induction of anaesthesia. Recovery was not improved after administration of (S)-ketamine compared to the racemate. No intraoperative awareness and no negative dreams were reported. Conclusions: Increases in SAP, DAP and HR and insufficient reduction of the stress response with respect to ACTH and cortisol seem to require a premedication, which reduces ACTH secretion. Because of the significant reduction in quantitative drug load, (S)-ketamine offers a clinical advantage compared with currently used racemic ketamine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zum prospektiven, doppelblind-randomisierten Vergleich von (S)-Ketamin und Ketamin-Razemat wurden endokrine Streßreaktionen sowie das Kreislauf- und Aufwachverhalten unprämedizierter Patienten während orthopädischer Kniegelenkeingriffe in intravenöser Anästhesie unter zusätzlicher Verwendung von Midazolam, Vecuronium und Lachgas untersucht. Patienten: Es wurden 41 Patienten in die Studie aufgenommen; davon gehörten 21 Patienten zur (S)-Ketamin- und 20 Patienten zur Razematgruppe. Die Kollektive unterschieden sich hinsichtlich der Alters- und Geschlechtsverteilung nicht signifikant. Die Messungen der endokrinen Streßparameter (Adrenalin, Noradrenalin, ADH, ACTH und Cortisol) erfolgten an 5 Meßzeitpunkten vor Einleitung der Narkose bis zur räumlichen Orientierung. Blutdruck, Herzfrequenz und periphere Sauerstoffsättigung wurden im Untersuchungszeitraum alle 5 min und der zentrale Venendruck alle 15 min dokumentiert. Ergebnisse: In beiden Kollektiven kam es erst nach der Extubation zu relevanten Anstiegen von Adrenalin und Noradrenalin (p〈0,05). ADH, ACTH und Cortisol stiegen in beiden Gruppen dagegen bereits nach Intubation und Hautschnitt signifikant (p〈0,05) an. Schlußfolgerung: Das Kreislaufverhalten war in beiden Kollektiven vergleichbar. Hinsichtlich des Aufwachverhaltens konnten keine Gruppenunterschiede festgestellt werden; dies wird auf die kontinuierliche Zufuhr von Midazolam zurückgeführt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Opiates ; Epidural catheter ; Cancer pain ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epidural opiates were administered to 139 patients with pain due to malignant diseases via a chronic indwelling catheter inserted percutaneously. So far, 9,716 days of treatment can be evaluated. In 87% of the patients whose pain previously could not be controlled with conventional analgesic approaches, epidural opiates resulted in remarkable pain relief. With a mean daily dose of 15.6 mg morphine (range 2–290 mg) or 0.86 mg buprenorphine (range 0.15–7.2 mg) half of the patients could be treated as outpatients. The mean duration of therapy was 72 days (range 1–700 days), 26 catheters being in place for more than 100 days and one catheter being in place for 501 days. Two severe side-effects (meningitis) were observed, both patients being free of symptoms after catheter removal and antibiotic therapy. Epidural opiates proved to be a valuable method of pain control in terminal illness. The method should be reserved for those patients, for whom oral opiates fail to produce effective pain relief.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Transportation of patients ; Critical illness ; Mechanical ventilation ; Critical care ; Predictors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Critically ill patients are often transferred due to the growing number of diagnostic procedures required to be performed outside the intensive care unit. These transfers have proved to be very critical. The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors for the deterioration of respiratory function in critically ill patients after transfer. Design: Prospective, clinical, observational study. Setting: 1800-bed university teaching hospital. Subjects: 98 mechanically ventilated patients were investigated during transfer. Measurement and main results: Before transfer, all patients were classified according to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS). Haemodynamics and arterial blood gases were measured at 11 different times. Arterial oxgen tension (PaO2), fractional inspired oxygen (FIO2), PaO2/FIO2 ratio, lowest PaO2/FIO2 ratio, minimal PaO2 and maximal FIO2, APACHE II score, TISS before transfer, age and duration of transfer were analysed as potential predictors for deterioration of respiratory function after transfer. Variables were analysed using Classification and Regression Trees and Clustering by Response. In 54 transports (55 %) there was a decrease in the PaO2/FIO2 ratio, and a decrease of more than 20 % from baseline was noted in 23 of the transferred patients (24 %). Age 〉 43 years and FIO2 〉 0.5 were identified as predictors for respiratory deterioration. Conclusions: Our predictors were able to indicate deterioration after transfer correctly in 20 of 22 patients (91 %), combined with a false-positive rate in 17 of 49 (35 %).
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words C1-esterase inhibitor ; Complement system ; Sepsis ; Liver transplantation ; Caroli's disease ; Colloid osmotic pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The extent of complement and contact activation is related to outcome in sepsis. A low functional index of their main blocker C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is considered as a relative deficiency of C1-INH and might contribute to the development of fatal complications in the intensive care unit. The first results of therapeutic intervention with C1-INH concentrate in septic shock are promising. We report on our experience of C1-INH concentrate administration in a young woman with Caroli's disease as ultimate rescue therapy for septic shock with capillary leakage syndrome after combined liver and kidney transplantation. No focus of infection was detectable and thus surgical intervention was not indicated. Antibiotic therapy at that time included vancomycin, tobramycin, meropenem and fluconazol. Hemodynamic stabilization occurred within hours after administration of C1-INH concentrate. Simultaneously a reduction in vasopressor medication was possible and negative fluid balance was achieved.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 48 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The validity and reliability of plasma volume estimation using indocyanine green were investigated in five in vitro experiments and in three in vivo series. The in vitro measurements reflected real volumes with an error of about 1%. Comparative measurements in the same patients using indocyanine green or Cr51 labelled red cells differed by 1.7% (r = 0.97). The mean (SD) plasma volume difference between two successive plasma volume measurements using indocyanine green was 38 (43) ml (r = 0.99). Plasma volume measured before and about 7 min after a hyperosmolar saline bolus (100 ml, 1 molar) was increased by 223 (102) ml and 286 (49) ml when determined by indocyanine green and plasma protein changes respectively. Nevertheless, the necessity for central venous injection and arterial sampling restricts the possible application of the method to intra-operative or emergency care use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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