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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 265-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Binocular inhibition ; Specific deafferentation ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Bicuculline ; Microiontophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single cells were recorded in layers A and A1 of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) with multibarrel micropipettes. Interocular inhibition (“binocular inhibition”) was elicited by phase-reversing gratings presented monocularly to the nondominant eye. This inhibition was blocked by microiontophoretic application of bicuculline and thus proven to be GABAergic. Cortical cooling enhanced the inhibition from the nondominant eye. After localized destruction of the receptive field area in the dominant eye, duration and strength of discharge depression were increased. It is concluded that afferent activity from the dominant eye reduces inhibition from the nondominant eye in the dLGN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 606-612 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Striate cortex ; Direction selectivity ; Inhibition ; Local inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Many cells in the cat visual cortex display a strong selectivity for the direction of motion of an optimally oriented stimulus. Postsynaptic inhibition has been suggested to generate this direction selectivity in simple cells, but the intracortical pathways involved have not been identified. While continuously recording from simple cells in layers 4 and 6, we have inactivated the superficial cortical layers in small regions 0.4–2.5 mm from the cortical column under study by using heat lesions, localized cooling or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) microiontophoresis. When inactivation affected cortical regions retinotopically representing motion in the non-preferred direction towards the receptive field, the responses to movement in this direction increased, and the recorded cells lost direction selectivity due to loss of inhibition. Our results indicate that direction selectivity of simple cells involves asymmetric inhibition of predictable cortical topography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 58 (1996), S. 299-327 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words MOF – epidemiology – Goris score – Moore score – SOFA score ; Schlüsselwörter MOV – Epidemiologie – Goris-Score – Moore-Score – SOFA-Score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Interdisziplinäre Erfassung des Auftretens eines Multiorganversagens bei Patienten auf operativen und nicht-operativen Intensivstationen.¶   Methode: Prospektive, offene klinische Studie auf operativen und nichtoperativen Intensivstationen. Einschluss aller Patienten mit einer Behandlungsdauer über 48 Stunden auf einer Intensivstation in einem 3-Monatszeitraum. Tägliche Erhebung epidemiologischer Basisdaten und physiologischer Parameter zur Berechnung des SOFA-, Moore- und Goris-Scores. Analyse von Differenzwerten zwischen den Behandlungstagen und Korrelation mit dem Überleben hinsichtlich Aufnahmediagnosen und Fachgebieten.¶   Ergebnisse: 443 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen und 4880 Beobachtungstage dokumentiert. Es bestand ein Übergewicht an operativ behandelten Patienten (allgemeinchirurgisch (119 Pat.), unfallchirurgisch (163 Pat.), neurochirurgisch (82 Pat.)) gegenüber konservativ behandelten Patienten (Innere Medizin (49 Pat.), Neurologie (19 Pat.)). Überlebende wurden durchschnittlich 8 Tage und Verstorbene 6 Tage intensivmedizinisch behandelt. Die Gesamtmortalität betrug 17,3%. Fachspezifisch wiesen die nicht-operativen Fächer eine höhere Letalität auf mit einem höheren MOV-Score bei Aufnahme nach Goris als die operativ behandelten Patienten. Bei der Auswertung der Differenzwerte differenzierte der SOFA-Score am besten bezüglich Überleben und Versterben. Die Wertigkeit des Goris-Scores unterschied mit und ohne Verwendung der Parameter für ZNS und Gastrointestinaltrakt signifikant unterschiedlich zwischen überlebenden und verstorbenen Patienten.¶   Schlussfolgerung: Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein erster interdisziplinärer intensivmedizinischer Basisdatensatz für Patienten 6 verschiedener Fachgebiete erhoben und verglichen. Es konnten fachgebietsspezifische Unterschiede bezüglich Struktur der Patientenkollektive und der Mortalität gezeigt werden. Diese haben Auswirkungen auf die Stratifizierung von Patientengruppen im Rahmen weiterer fachgebietsübergreifender Studien. Die klinische Einschätzung der Häufigkeit eines MOV als Todesursache und die der täglichen Zustandsänderung des Patienten im Rahmen seiner Erkrankung wurde von allen Scores nicht ausreichend widergespiegelt. Obgleich der SOFA-Score am zuverlässigsten über alle Fachbereiche zur Beurteilung des klinischen Verlaufs geeignet erscheint, ist die interdisziplinäre Weiterentwicklung eines fachübergreifenden Scores zur Beurteilung eines Multiorganversagens erforderlich.
    Notes: Summary Objective The aim of this prospective study was to describe a collective of patients with respect to the manifestation of multiple organ failure in operative and non-operative intensive care units.¶   Methods: Included were all patients treated longer than 48 hours in a participating intensive care unit. Basic epidemiologic data and physiological parameters were recorded and three different score values (SOFA, Moore and Goris scores) were calculated for each day in the intensive care unit and presented according to the particular specialty. A delta score value for each patient was calculated from the first and last recorded value and was compared to the outcome of the patient (survivor/non-survivor). With the Kohen-Kappa coefficient the daily change of the score value relating to an improvement or deterioration was referred to the clinical assessment. Further statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney U test and by means of ANOVA.¶   Results: 443 patients were included and 4880 observation days were recorded. There was an over-representation of operative patients (general surgery (119 pat.), trauma surgery (163 pat.), neurosurgery (82 pat.)) compared to non-operative patients (medicine (49 pat.), neurology (19 pat.)). Survivors stayed 8 and non-survivors 6 days in the intensive care unit. Overall mortality was 17.3%.¶   Non-operative specialties had a higher mortality with a significantly higher Goris multiple organ failure score on admission for neurologic patients and a higher Goris multiple organ failure score for medical patients (not significant) compared to operative patients.¶   The delta SOFA score value is the most powerful to indicate survival or death compared to the other two delta scores. The Goris score on admission produces statistically significant differences concerning survivors and non-survivors even without the gastrointestinal and central nervous system, but is unreliable considering the delta score.¶   Conclusion: In the present investigation, a basic data set for patients from six different medical specialties were collected and compared. Faculty-specific differences between sets of patients and mortality were shown. This will have consequences for stratifying groups of patients for further interdisciplinary investigation. Clinical assessment of the incidence of multiple organ failure and clinical assessment of changes in daily multiple organ failure status were poorly mirrored by all scores under surveillance. Considering delta score values, the SOFA score is the most reliable score for interdisciplinary description of survival or non-survival. Although the SOFA score seems most reliable for describing a patient‘s clinical course, there is a need for the development of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary score for assessment of multiple organ failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 3 (2000), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 1436-0578
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Die aktuellen Krankheitskosten nach Trauma belaufen sich auf ca. 25 Milliarden DM, die Folgekosten sogar auf 60 Mrd. DM. Diese ungeheure ökonomische Bedeutung stand über viele Jahre im Gegensatz zur mangelhaften Dokumentation des schweren Traumas [9]. In mehreren Ländern wurden deshalb entsprechende Studien zur Verbesserung der Traumadokumentation durchgeführt, am bekanntesten ist wohl die Major Trauma Outcome Study (MTOS) in den USA [4]. Ähnliche Untersuchungen liefen aber auch in Südafrika, England und Holland. Deshalb war es nur folgerichtig, dass vor nunmehr 8 Jahren die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU) einen Schwerpunkt auf die Dokumentation und Qualitätsverbesserung beim Polytrauma legte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 590-598 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Large animal model ; Multiple organ failure ; Zymosan activated plasma ; Endotoxin ; Intramedullary femoral nailing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To perform a reproducible long-term (10 days) large animal model of multiple systems organ failure without necessity of a continuous stimulus. Design: Adult female merino sheep submitted to a 5-day stimulation period followed by a 5-day observation period. Day 1: Hemorrhagic shock was combined with a traumatic surgical insult (reamed intramedullary femoral nailing), followed by serial administrations every 12 h for 5 days of a combination of endotoxin and zymosan activated plasma. Organ function was followed for 5 further days. Results: Cardiac index increased significantly during the study (day 1: 491 ± 8 mm Hg; day 10: 427 ± 20, p 〈 0.05). Liver function was impaired and bilirubin levels increased significantly (day 1: 2.9 ± 0.3 μmol/l; day 10: 7.2 ± 0.9; p 〈 0.05). Creatinine clearance decreased initially (day 1: 54 ± 7 ml/min), increased to a peak on day 2 (104 ± 27), and then deteriorated again (day 10: 53 ± 18). Conclusion: This new large animal model of trauma-induced MOF is reproducible and may be suitable for the study of new therapeutic approaches to therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Extracorporal shock wave therapy • Nonunion • Clinical study ; Schlüsselwörter ESWT • Pseudarthrose • Klinische Untersuchung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die extrakorporale Stoßwellentherapie (ESWT) wurde in den letzten Jahren als nicht-invasive, risikoarme Behandlungsmöglichkeit in der Therapie von Pseudarthrosen (PA) propagiert. Das Ziel dieser prospektiven klinischen Untersuchung war es, anhand des eigenen Patientenguts die Auswirkungen der ESWT auf den Heilungsverlauf von Pseudarthrosen des Röhrenknochens zu überprüfen. Patienten mit einer Pseudarthrosendauer 〉 6 Monaten wurden in 2 Sitzungen mit jeweils 2000 Impulsen und 18 kV ESWT behandelt. Eine Nachuntersuchung erfolgte 1, 3 und 6 Monate nach der 2. ESWT; 25 Patienten mit 27 Pseudarthrosen haben den Nachuntersuchungszeitraum von 6 Monaten erreicht. In 11 von 27 PA kam es klinisch und radiologisch zur Ausheilung (41 %). Eine klinische Besserungstendenz trat bei 5 Patienten bereits innerhalb des 1. Monats auf, bei allen Patienten innerhalb der ersten 3 Monate. Eine radiologische Durchbauung zeigte sich in keinem Fall innerhalb des 1. Monats, bei allen jedoch innerhalb der ersten 3 Monate. Somit verzögert sich bei Mißerfolg der ESWT eine Reosteosynthese maximal um 3 Monate. Der Einsatz der ESWT erscheint daher bei einer Pseudarthrosendauer 〉 6 Monate von Röhrenknochen als adjuvante, nicht-invasive Behandlung gerechtfertigt.
    Notes: Summary Extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been postulated as an additional therapeutic option in nonunion after fracture treatment. We have reexamined patients with nonunions treated at our institution to evaluate the efficacy of the method. In a prospective nonrandomized study patients were investigated with a minimum duration of nonunion of 6 months. Following 2 cycles of ESWT with 2000 impulses/18 kV, the reevaluation was performed at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. A total of 27 pseudarthroses was reevaluated, in 11 one or more reosteosyntheses had been performed prior to ESWT. Following ESWT we found a success rate of 41 % (n = 11). The clinical evidence of subjective, clinical improvement was found in 5 of these patients within 1 month, in all of these patients within a period of 3 months. Radiologic evidence of improvement occurred in none of these patients within 1 month, in all of these patients within 6 months. ESWT appears to represent an additional treatment option in patients with longstanding nonunion. If no improvement occurs, the maximum delay of reosteosynthesis is three months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; Multiple injuries ; Thoracic trauma ; Epidemiology ; Child ; Adult ; Schlüsselwörter Trauma ; Thoraxtrauma ; Epidemiologie ; Kinder ; Erwachsene ; Polytrauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In epidemiologischen Untersuchungen zu Verletzungslokalisation, Unfallhergang und Letalität bei polytraumatisierten Patienten wird die Altersgruppe unter 18 Jahren häufig innerhalb einer größeren Patientengruppe zusammengefaßt. Aufgrund physiologischer Besonderheit dieser Altersgruppe scheint jedoch eine epidemiologische Betrachtung polytraumatisierter Kinder und Jugendlicher im Vergleich zum Polytrauma des Erwachsenen angebracht. Hierzu wurden Daten von 682 polytraumatisierten Patienten des Zeitraums von 1981–1991 retrospektiv ausgewertet. Die Patienten wurden in 4 Altersgruppen (Vorschulalter, Schulkindalter, Jugendliche und Erwachsene) eingeteilt und hinsichtlich Unfallhergang, Verletzungslokalisation und Todesursache statistisch untersucht. Während des Untersuchungszeitraums waren in dieser Studie 229 (34%) der polytraumatisierten Patienten jünger als 18 Jahre. Hinsichtlich des Unfallhergangs verunglückten Kinder im Vergleich zu den Erwachsenen weniger oft im PKW, jedoch häufiger als Fußgänger oder Radfahrer. In allen Altersgruppen waren Kopfverletzungen und Verletzungen der unteren Extremität zahlenmäßig am häufigsten vertreten. Die Inzidenz von Thorax-, Abdominal-, Beckentraumen und Verletzungen der oberen Extremität war geringer bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Das Schädel-Hirn-, Thorax- und Abdominaltrauma stellten jedoch in allen Altersgruppen die Verletzungen mit dem höchsten Letalitätsrisiko dar. Ebenso hatten Verletzungen der Wirbelsäule, insbesondere der Halswirbelsäule, ein hohes Letalitätsrisiko. Kinder und Jugendliche zeigten bei Unfällen im PKW eine signifikant erhöhte Letalität im Vergleich zu den Erwachsenen mit einem ca. 3fach erhöhten Risiko zu versterben, wobei Kinder im Vorschulalter die schwersten Schädel-Hirn-Verletzungen aufwiesen. Diese Ergebnisse sollten bei der Planung der Sicherheit von Kindern in Kraftfahrzeugen berücksichtigt werden, um in der Zukunft möglicherweise eine weitere Senkung der Letalität zu erreichen.
    Notes: Summary Numerous epidemiological studies about multiple trauma patients do not include an analysis of patients under the age of 18. To study this, the data of 682 patients with multiple traumata, treated between 1981 and 1991 at Hannover Medical School, Germany, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into four age-related groups: preschool age (〈 6 years), school age (〈 13 years), teenagers (〈 18 years) and adults (L 18 years). Analyzed were the cause of trauma, localization of injuries and the cause of death. Children were less often injured as passengers in cars, but more often injured as pedestrians and bicyclists than adults. However, children showed a significant higher mortality than adults, with threefold increased risk of death when they injured as passengers in car accidents. In all groups injuries to the head and the legs were most common. Children showed a lower incidence of trauma to the thorax, abdomen, hip and arms than the adult group. Nevertheless, trauma to the thorax, abdomen and head was associated with the highest risk of death in all groups. Spinal cord injuries, especially injuries to the neck, also showed a high risk of death. Children younger than 6 years had the most severe head injuries. Safety improvements for children in cars, helmet usage on bicycles and early training in traffic safety for children might decrease the lethality in this group of trauma patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral inhibition ; Lateral excitation ; Cat ; Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; GABA ; Silent synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Visual responses were elicited by global phase reversal stimuli in cells of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) after small retinal lesions had been centered on each receptive field. After acute lesions of different sizes exclusively lateral inhibition was found. When GABAergic inhibition was blocked by continuous microiontophoretic application of bicuculline lateral excitation emerged in dLGN cells partially deafferented by small and medium size acute retinal lesions, but not in those affected by large lesions. This indicates the presence of excitatory retinal inputs at the periphery of the dLGN cell dendrites which are normally suppressed by strong, long-ranging lateral inhibitory processes. After chronic deafferentation, the remaining excitatory inputs increase in effectiveness and lateral excitation is seen without blockade of inhibition. The maximal lateral spread of excitation (300 μm) in the dLGN is distinctly smaller than the extent of lateral inhibition (1000 μm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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