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  • 1
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Several congenital muscular dystrophies caused by defects in known or putative glycosyltransferases are commonly associated with hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) and a marked reduction of its receptor function. We have investigated changes in the processing and function of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) are congenital muscular dystrophies with associated, similar brain malformations. The FCMD gene, fukutin, shares some homology with fringe-like glycosyltransferases, and the MEB gene, POMGnT1, seems to ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms behind the emergence of human-specific brain features remain largely unknown. However, the recent ability to compare our genome to that of our closest relative, the chimpanzee, provides new avenues to link genetic and phenotypic changes in the evolution ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sequencing of multiple related species followed by comparative genomics analysis constitutes a powerful approach for the systematic understanding of any genome. Here, we use the genomes of 12 Drosophila species for the de novo discovery of functional elements in the fly. Each type of functional ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Enalapril ; Hydrochlorothiazide ; pharmacokinetics ; renal impairment ; old patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomized, cross-over, single-dose study of 19 elderly hypertensive patients (aged 62–84 y, SBP 〉 160 mm Hg, DBP 〉 100 mm Hg, creatinine clearance 11–93 ml·min−1) we have studied the pharmacokinetics of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril after a single oral dose of either 10 mg enalapril or 10 mg enalapril + 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide. The pharmacokinetics of enalapril were unaffected by hydrochlorothiazide, but there was a significant reduction in renal clearance and a significant increase in AUC(0–24 h) of enalaprilat after hydrochlorothiazide, resulting in higher serum concentrations of the active drug. This was independent of the individual degree of renal impairment and might be due either to an initial reduction of GFR by hydrochlorothiazide or to interference with the tubular secretion of enalaprilat. The relationships between serum enalaprilat and serum ACE activity were similar after both treatments, both consistent with a value for Ki of enalaprilat of about 0.1 nmol·l−1. Thus, serum ACE activity was not affected by hydrochlorothiazide but completely reflected the pharmacokinetics of enalaprilat in both treatments.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 23 (1997), S. 1165-1170 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words ICU management ; ICU mortality ; Intervention scoring system ; Nursing workload ; Personnel management ; Nursing staff ; Nursing care ; Survival rate ; Severity of illness index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess temporal changes in patient characteristics, nursing workload and outcome of the patients and to compare the actual amount of available nursing staff with the estimated needs in a medical-surgical ICU. Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Setting: A medical-surgical adult intensive care unit (ICU) in a Swiss university hospital. Patients: Data of all patients staying in the ICU between January 1980 and December 1995 were included. Interventions: None. Measurements and results: The estimated number of nurses needed was defined according to the Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SGI) grading system: category I = one nurse/patient/shift ( = 8 h), category II = one nurse/two patients/shift, category III = one nurse/three patients/shift. An intervention score (IS) was obtained, based on a number of specific activities in the ICU. There was a total of 35,327 patients (32 % medical and 68 % postoperative/trauma patients). Over time, the number of patients per year increased (1980/1995: 1,825/2,305, p 〈 0.001) and the length of ICU stay (LOS) decreased (4.1/3.8 days, p 〈 0.013). There was an increase in the number of patients aged 〉 70 years (19 %/28 %, p 〈 0.001), and a decrease in the number of patients 〈 60 years (58 % /41 %, p 〈 0.001). During the same time period, the IS increased two-fold. Measurement of nursing workload showed an increase over time. The number of nursing days per year increased (1980/1995: 7454/8681, p 〈 0.019), as did the relative amount of patients in category I (49 %/71 %, p 〈 0.001), whereas the portion of patients in category II (41 %/28 %, p 〈 0.019) and category III (10 %/0 %) decreased. During the same time period, mortality at ICU discharge decreased (9.0 %/7.0 %, p 〈 0.002). Conclusions: During the last 16 years, there has been a marked increase in workload at this medical-surgical ICU. Despite an increase in the number of severely sick patients (as defined by the nursing grading system) and patient age, ICU mortality and LOS declined from 1980 to 1995. This may be ascribed to improved patient treatment or care. Whether an increasingly liberal discharge policy (transfer to newly opened intermediate care units, transfer of patients expected to die to the ward) or a more rigorous triage (denying admission to patients with a very poor prognosis) are confounding factors cannot be answered by this investigation. The present data provide support for the tenet that there is a trend toward more complex therapies in increasingly older patients in tertiary care ICUs. Calculations for the number or nurses needed in an ICU should take into account the increased turnover of patients and the changing patient characteristics.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. 813-815 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 233 (1986), S. 271-273 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Long latency reflex ; Intraspinal conduction time ; Normal values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long latency responses to electrical stimulation of nerve trunks in upper and lower extremities were studied in 83 healthy subjects. The latency differences between the late responses, M2, and the segmental reflexes, M1, on the hand correlated with the height, confirming a transcortical reflex loop. Corresponding to the possible polysynaptic spinal origin of the late reflex response on the lower leg, there was no correlation with height. Therefore, it is not possible to calculate the intraspinal conduction time from long latency reflex examinations.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-264X
    Keywords: Key words Choline – lecithin – serum – pig – diurnal pattern ; Schlüsselwörter Cholin – Lecithin – Serum – Schwein – diurnaler Verlauf
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das bei Ausdauersportlern festgestellte Absinken des Cholinspiegels im Plasma kann durch Aufnahme von Cholin aus Lecithin vermindert werden. Darüber hinaus zeichnet sich ab, daß die alimentäre Lecithinversorgung eine nachhaltigere Wirkung auf den Plasmacholinspiegel ausübt als die Aufnahme von Cholinsalzen. Freies Serumcholin ist Precursor für die Synthese von Acetylcholin, das als Neurotransmitter bei der Erregungsübertragung fungiert. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Eignung des Schweins als Modelltier für den Menschen überprüft, indem die Auswirkungen einer alimentären Cholinversorgung in Form von Cholinchlorid oder Lecithin auf Höhe und Verlauf des Serumcholinspiegels mit entsprechenden Literaturdaten aus Studien am Menschen verglichen wurden. Es wurden zwei halbsynthetische Versuchsrationen auf der Basis von Mais, Kasein sowie Mineralstoffen und Vitaminen konzipiert, die mit Cholinchlorid oder Lecithin (BIOFOSFATIN®) dosisäquivalent (480 mg Cholin/kg) supplementiert wurden. Diese Versuchsrationen wurden im “cross-over design” zur Morgenfütterung (08.00 h) an insgesamt 6 männliche Kastraten mit einer mittleren Lebendmasse von 120 kg verabreicht (1,5 kg/Fütterung). Zur Abendfütterung (20.00 h) erhielten alle Tiere die Basisration ohne Cholinergänzung; der Gehalt an nativem Cholin in der Basisration betrug 450 mg/kg. Über Venenverweilkatheter wurde 0,5 h vor der Morgenfütterung und anschließend 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 und 12 h postprandial Blut entnommen. Die Bestimmung von freiem Cholin erfolgte mittels Tandem-Massenspektrometrie. Die Wiederfindungsraten der angewandten Methode lagen zwischen 93–98%. Die Intra-assay-Präzision lag bei wiederholter Bestimmung einer Probe bei 1,6%. Im prä- und postprandialen Verlauf des Serumcholinspiegels ergeben sich keine signifikanten (p〉0,05) Differenzen, die auf eine unterschiedliche Absorptionskinetik für Cholin aus Cholinchlorid oder Lecithin schließen lassen. Beide Kurven verlaufen parallel und weisen einen postprandialen Peak bei 0,5 h auf (2,71 mg/l bei Cholinchlorid- und 2,35 mg/l bei Lecithinsupplementierung), während sich 12 h postprandial die Serumcholinkonzentrationen sowohl für die Cholinchlorid- als auch für Lecithinration im Bereich von 2 mg/l bewegen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen lassen keine eindeutigen Präferenzen für Cholinchlorid oder Lecithin für die Bereitstellung von freiem Cholin zur Acetylcholinsynthese erkennen. Sie stehen damit im Gegensatz zu entsprechenden Untersuchungen, die bei Menschen durchgeführt wurden.
    Notes: Summary Athletes especially experience a significant decrease in plasma choline concentrations during exercise which can be compensated in part by consumption of lecithin, a natural source of choline. In addition, the effect of lecithin on plasma choline concentrations in humans is obviously considerably greater and more prolonged than that of an equivalent amount of choline salts. Serum choline acts as a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcholine, which, in turn, acts as a neurotransmitter. The effect of dietary choline derived from either choline chloride or lecithin on the diurnal pattern of free choline concentrations in serum was studied using the pig as a potential model for humans. Six barrows, average initial body weight 120 kg, were fitted with permanent catheters in the jugular vein to determine the diurnal pattern of serum choline concentrations as affected by dietary choline or lecithin intake. The pigs were fed two semi-purified diets twice daily (1,500 g each meal) that contained corn, casein and a mineral-vitamin premix supplemented with equal amounts of choline (480 mg/kg) from either choline chloride or lecithin (BIOFOSFATIN®). The diets supplemented with choline were fed at 08.00 h in the morning and the experiment was carried out according to a 3×2 cross-over design. All pigs received the basal diet that contained 450 mg/kg choline at the evening feeding (20.00 h). Following an adaptation period of 6 d, blood was collected on d 7; 0.5 h before the morning feeding and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h postprandially. The determination of serum choline concentrations was carried out by tandem-mass spectroscopy. There were no differences (p〉0.05) between the two diurnal patterns of the serum choline concentrations. Both diurnal patterns showed a postprandial peak at 0.5 h (2.71 mg/l for choline chloride and 2.35 mg/l for lecithin supplementation) and decreased after 2 h postprandially to the preprandial concentrations. In conclusion, there were no differences (p〉0.05) in the diurnal patterns of serum choline concentrations in pigs after consumption of dietary choline chloride or lecithin, which is in contrast to corresponding studies in humans.
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