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  • 1
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    Sustainable architectures : cultures and natures in Europe and North America (2005)
    New York : Spon Press
    Details
    Keywords: Architecture, Environmental aspects. ; Architecture, Europe. ; Architecture, North America. ; Sustainable architecture.
    Pages: xiii, 269 p.
    ISBN: 0-203-41280-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=116753
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eicosanoid Production by Isolated Cerebral Microvessels and Cultured Cerebral Endothelium (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 559 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22645.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deletion of brain dystroglycan recapitulates aspects of congenital muscular dystrophy (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 418 (2002), S. 422-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB), and Walker–Warburg syndrome are congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated developmental brain defects. Mutations reported in genes of FCMD and MEB patients suggest that the genes may be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00838
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-translational disruption of dystroglycan–ligand interactions in congenital muscular dystrophies (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 418 (2002), S. 417-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) are congenital muscular dystrophies with associated, similar brain malformations. The FCMD gene, fukutin, shares some homology with fringe-like glycosyltransferases, and the MEB gene, POMGnT1, seems to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00837
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Metabolism of Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Isomers by Mouse Cerebromicrovascular Endothelium (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 58 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) derivatives of arachidonic acid are produced in the brain and have been implicated as pathologic mediators in various types of brain injury. To understand better their fate in the brain, particularly in cerebral microvessels, several HETEs were incubated with cultured mouse cerebromicrovascular endothelium for 1, 2, and 4 h, followed by HPLC analysis of medium and cellular lipids. 5(S)- 8(RS)-, and 9(RS)-HETE were not metabolized by the cells, but were extensively incorporated, unmodified, into cell lipids. On the other hand, 11(RS)-, 12(S)-, and 15(S)HETE were extensively metabolized and only minimally incorporated into cell lipids. Previously, the major 12-HETE metabolite was identified as 8-hydroxyhexadecatrienoic acid. In the present study, we identified the major 11-HETE metabolite as 7-hydroxyhexadecatrienoic acid and the major 15-HETE metabolite as 11-hydroxyhexadecatrienoic acid. ω-3 compounds, 15(S)- and (S)-hydroxyeico-sapentaenoic acids (HEPE), were also metabolized to more polar compounds, but to a lesser extent than their tetraenoic acid, ω-6 counterparts. Comparison of 5-, 12-, and 15-HETE enantiomers revealed no differences in metabolism or incorporation between the R and S stereoisomers. These data suggest that many isomers of HETE and HEPE can be incorporated into cell lipids or metabolized by pathways that do not distinguish between enantiomers. These pathways, however, are sensitive to the position or number of double bonds and are selective based on the position of the hydroxyl group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09321.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrocytes, Not Neurons, Produce Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6ω-3) and Arachidonic Acid (20:4ω-6) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 56 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Elongated, highly polyunsaturated derivatives of linoleic acid (18:2ω-6) and linolenic acid (18:3ω-3) accumulate in brain, but their sites of synthesis are not fully characterized. To investigate whether neurons themselves are capable of essential fatty acid elongation and desaturation or are dependent upon the support of other brain cells, primary cultures of rat neurons and astrocytes were incubated with [1-14C]18:2ω-6, [1-14C]20:4ω-6, [1-14C]18:3ω-3, or [1-14C]20:5ω-3 and their elongation/desaturation products determined. Neuronal cultures were routinely incapable of producing significant amounts of Δ4-desaturase products. They desaturated fatty acids very poorly at every step of the pathway, producing primarily elongation products of the 18- and 20-carbon precursors. In contrast, astrocytes actively elongated and desaturated the 18- and 20-carbon precursors. The major metabolite of 18:2ω-6 was 20:4ω-6, whereas the primary products from 18:3ω-3 were 20:5ω-3, 22:5ω-3, and 22:6ω-3. The majority of the long-chain fatty acids formed by astrocyte cultures, particularly 20:4ω-6 and 22:6ω-3, was released into the extracellular fluid. Although incapable of producing 20:4ω-6 and 22:6ω-3 from precursor fatty acids, neuronal cultures readily took up these fatty acids from the medium. These findings suggest that astrocytes play an important supportive role in the brain by elongating and desaturating ω-6 and ω-3 essential fatty acid precursors to 20:4ω-6 and 22:6ω-3, then releasing the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for uptake by neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08180.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain Micro vessel 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Is the (S) Enantiomer and Is Lipoxygenase Derived (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 57 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) production from arachidonic acid by cerebral microvessels isolated from perfused adult murine brain was reduced by the lipoxygenase inhibitors baicalein, esculetin, gossypol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and quercetin. Except for quercetin and gossypol, the IC50 did not exceed 10 μM. Each inhibitor, except baicalein, also decreased microvessel prostaglandin production when present in concentrations above their IC50 value for 12-HETE. In contrast, inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, clotrimazole. metyrapone, and proadifen (SKF-525A), had little effect on microvessel 12-HETE production. Chiral phase HPLC analysis revealed that only the (5) enantiomer of 12-HETE was formed. The major microvessel metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid co-eluted with 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) on reverse-phase HPLC and the (S) enantiomer of 12-HEPE on chiral phase HPLC. Furthermore, like 12-HETE. 12-HEPE production was blocked by lipoxygenase inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that brain microvessels produce only the (5) enantiomeric 12-hydroxy derivatives of both arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid by the action of a lipoxygenase that can be selectively inhibited by baicalein. Since arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are available to cerebral blood vessels in certain pathological settings, these 12-hydroxy acid lipoxygenase products may mediate some of the cere-brovascular dysfunction that occurs following stroke, brain trauma, or seizures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08239.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Formation of Long-Chain ω-3 and ω-6 Fatty Acids from Essential Fatty Acid Precursors (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 55 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Elongated, more highly polyunsaturated derivatives of linoleic acid (18:2ω-6) and linolenic acid (18:3ω-3) accumulate in brain, but their sites of synthesis and mechanism of entry are not well characterized. To investigate the role of the blood-brain barrier in this process, cultured murine cere-bromicrovascular endothelia were incubated with [1-14C]18: 2ω-6 or [1-14C]18:3ω-3 and their elongation/desaturation products determined. The major metabolite of 18:2ω-6 was 20:4ω-6, whereas the primary product from 18:3ω-3 was 20: 5ω-3. Although these products were found primarily in cell lipids, they were also released from the cells and gradually accumulated in the extracellular fluid. Eicosanoid production was observed from the 20:4ω-6 and 20:5ω-3 that were formed. No 22:5ω-6 or 22:6ω-3 fatty acids were detected, suggesting that these endothelial cells are not the site of the final desaturation step. Although the uptake of 18:3ω-3 and 18:2ω-6 was nearly identical, 18:3ω-3 was more extensively elongated and desaturated. Competition experiments demonstrated a preference for 18:3ω-3 by the elongation/desaturation pathway. These findings suggest that the blood-brain barrier can play an important role in the elongation and desaturation of ω-3 and ω-6 essential fatty acids during their transfer from the circulation into the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04150.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Receptor-Linked Hydrolysis of Phosphoinositides and Production of Prostacyclin in Cerebral Endothelial Cells (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 58 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The receptor agonist-mediated hydrolysis of phosphoinositides and production of prostacyclin were studied in murine cerebral endothelial cells (MCEC). Of 11 neurotransmitters and neuromodulators examined, carbachol, noradrenaline (NE), bradykinin, and thrombin significantly increased 3H-inositol phosphate accumulation in the presence of LiCl (20 mM). The maximal stimulation of [3H]inositol monophosphate ([3H]IP1) reached approximately 11, 11, seven, and four times the basal levels for carbachol, NE, bradykinin, and thrombin, respectively. The EC50 values of IP1 accumulation for carbachol and NE were 34 and 0.16 μM, respectively. The muscarinic antagonists, atropine and pirenzepine, blocked the carbachol-induced IP1 accumulation with Ki values of 0.3 and 30 nM, respectively. The adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, blocked NE-induced IP1 accumulation with a Ki of 0.1 nM. The calcium ionophore A23187, histamine, glutamate, vasopressin, serotonin, platelet activating factor, and substance P did not stimulate IP1 accumulation. A23187, bradykinin, and thrombin stimulated prostacyclin release to approximately four, four, and two times the basal levels, respectively, whereas carbachol and NE had little effect upon prostacyclin release. These results suggest that the activation of phospholipase C and of phospholipase A2 in MCEC are regulated separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10071.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of Adenosine by Cultured Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 41 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Adenosine uptake by cerebral smooth muscle cells is a carrier-mediated process. The Km value for adenosine uptake is 10.0 μM and the Vmax is 0.95 nmol/ min-mg cell protein. This uptake system is inhibited by the adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine at low adenosine concentrations. These results prove the existence of a nucleoside transport system associated with cerebral smooth muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb09037.x
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