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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 214 (1967), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Stain reactions and electron microscopy indicate that the characteristic crystallographic structure of the sponge spicules is not the result of the growth of calcite over an organic precursor. The axial filament sometimes seen in the spicule rays probably consists of inorganically impure ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 314-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sponge ; Spicules ; Calcite ; Analysis ; Specific gravity ; Speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous donnons les résultats d'analyses chimiques, d'examens aux rayons infra-rouge, et d'examens par diffraction des rayons-X, des spicules de sept espèces des Éponges Calcaires avec aussi les valeurs de gravité spcéifique. Les spicules se composent de calcite et de magnésium. Nous avons découvert des traces de quartz, mais nous les attribuons à la contamination. Nous avons cherché l'aragonite, sans la trouver, bien que la présence du quartz en rende plus difficile la recherche. Le contenu de Mg2+ a varié de 1,25 à 3,15 pour cent d'une espèce à l'autre, s'élevant selon la grandeur des spicules dans les deux espèces que nous avons étudiées. Il était aussi en corrélation étroite avec le déplacement du sommet 112 de diffraction. Des composants présents en quantité moindre, et dont nous avons estimé le pourcentage, se trouvaient être Sr2+, Na+ et SO 4 2− . Sr2+ était relativement invariable, les deux autres étaient variables. Nous avons découvert aussi des traces de Al3+, Si, Mn2+, Ba2+ et Li+. Les valeurs de gravité spécifique s'échelonnaient de 2,58 à 2,62, les spicules plus petits fournissant la plus grande variation. Nous considérons la composition par rapport à la sécrétion de spicules et à la classification de la Calcarea.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse von chemischen, röntgenographischen und infraroten Analysen, zusammen mit Bestimmungen von spezifischem Gewicht, werden für die Nadeln von 7 species der Kalkschwämme dargestellt. Die Nadeln setzen sich zusammen aus magnesiahaltigem Calcit. Spuren von Quartz wurden nachgewiesen, die sich aber auf Verunreinigungen zurückführen lassen. Aragonit wurde gesucht, aber nicht gefunden, obgleich die Anwesenheit von Quartz seine Feststellung erschwert. Der Mg2+-Inhalt variierte von 1,25–3,15% zwischen den Species, und nahm mit wachsender Nadelgröße bei den beiden untersuchten Species zu; es gibt auch enge Wechselbeziehungen zur Absetzung der Calcit-112-Diffraktionsspitze. Es gibt vermutlich geringere Mengen von Sr2+, Na+, und SO 4 2− . Sr2+ war relative beständig, die anderen zwei veränderlich. Spuren von Al3+, Si, Mn2+, Ba2+ und Li+ wurden auch nachgewiesen. Die durchschnittlichen spezifischen Gewichte veränderten sich von 2,58–2,62, und kleinere Nadeln variieren stärker. Die Zusammensetzung wird mit Hinsicht auf die Ausscheidung der Nadeln und die Klassenordnung der Kalkschwämme betrachtet.
    Notes: Abstract The results of chemical, X-ray diffraction and infra-red analyses, together with specific gravity determinations, are presented for the spicules of seven species of Calcarea. The spicules are composed of magnesian calcite. Traces of quartz were detected, but are ascribed to contamination. Aragonite was sought but not proven, although the presence of quartz complicates its detection. The Mg content varied from 1.25–3.15% between species, and increased with spicule size in the two species studied; it also correlated closely with the displacement of the calcite 112 diffraction peak. Minor constituents estimated were Sr2+, Na+ and SO 4 2− :Sr2+ was relatively constant, the other two variable. Traces of Al3+, Si, Mn2+ and Li+ were also detected. Average specific gravities ranged from 2.58–2.62, smaller spicules having a wider range Composition is considered in relation to spicule secretion and classification of the Calcarea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Central cells of a hitherto unknown type, forming a continuous, perforated layer at the level of the distal collar ends in each choanocyte chamber, have been found in the choanocyte chambers of Pellina fistulosa. The collars project through the pores of the perforated central cell layer. The spaces between the collar ends and between the collars and the cone cell ring in the apopyle region are sealed by the central cell cytoplasm. The latter represents an impermeable barrier for particulate material as well as for water and thus enhances the filtration efficiency by preventing a bypass of water and particles between the collar apices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The choanocyte chambers of eight different haplosclerid sponge species have been investigated with regard to their histological structure, their relation to the mesohyl, and their arrangement between the canal systems. Two fundamentally different organizational types occur in the investigated sponge species. In Haliclona rosea, H. oculata, H. elegans, H. simulans, H. rava, H. fistulosa, and Acervochalina limbata the choanocytes are separated from the mesohylar tissue, being more or less covered over the outer surface by pinacocytes belonging to the incurrent canal walls. In Haliclona indistincta, on the other hand, the choanocytes are, as in most other Demospongiae, in contact with the mesohyl at their outer surfaces. This indicates that the present order Haplosclerida is polyphyletic and contains sponges of a presumably poecilosclerid origin.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 553-567 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spicules ; Sponge, Sycon ciliatum ; Calcite ; Biomineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spicule primordium is formed in an intercellular cavity within a group of sclerocytes. This cavity contains organic material which ensheaths the growing spicule but does not appear to determine the nature of the mineral morph (magnesian calcite) or the crystallographic orientation of the spicule. The tip of each growing spicule ray is seated in a ‘dense cup’ in the cytoplasm of the sclerocyte concerned. Both ends of monaxons are initially inserted each into a dense cup. As rays elongate the sclerocyte membrane around the tip becomes invaginated and forms a system of ‘converging spaces’ that possibly indicate high secretory activity in that region. Spicule growth involves the displacement and expansion of the organic sheath by the enlarging spicule. Fully formed spicules which are exposed to the mesohyl become surrounded by collagen fibrils. However, these fibrils are in no way concerned with the process of mineral deposition and are never found within the spicule calcite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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