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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of giant magnetoresistance spin valves using Pb and Au as surfactants (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5183-5191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the use of Pb and Au as surfactants in an attempt to achieve smoother and sharper interfaces in three types of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valve multilayers: symmetric spin valves, bottom spin valves, and top spin valves. The coupling fields are reduced by a factor of 10 for symmetric and bottom spin valves and by a factor of 3 for top spin valves, presumably by suppressing roughness and interdiffusion at the Co/Cu/Co interfaces, when ∼1 monolayer of Pb is deposited in the early stages of spin valve growth. The Pb has a strong tendency to float out or segregate to the surface during deposition of the spin valve leaving the GMR largely unaltered. Au is almost as effective as Pb, however the Au tends to be left behind in the spin valve, and the GMR is reduced slightly. Attempts to use Hg as a surfactant were unsuccessful. The coupling field increased, and the GMR decreased sharply. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363460
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimizing the giant magnetoresistance of symmetric and bottom spin valves (invited) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5277-5281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have attempted to optimize the values of the giant magnetoresistance in symmetric spin valves of the type NiO/Co/Cu/Co/Cu/Co/NiO (achieving 23.4%) and in bottom spin valves of the type Co/Cu/Co/NiO (achieving 17.0%), the largest values ever reported for such structures. The key elements in this achievement are improved vacuum conditions and careful attention to the film thicknesses. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361352
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The trade-off between large magnetoresistance and small coercivity in symmetric spin valves (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 8603-8606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the use of various alloys as substitutes for pure Co in the center film of symmetric spin valves of the type NiO/Co/Cu/Co/Cu/Co/NiO. The aim of this work is to identify magnetic materials that exhibit smaller coercivities than pure Co for the center or "valve'' film but which retain much of the giant magnetoresistance associated with a pure Co film. The materials investigated include Co95Fe5, Co90Fe10, Ni80Fe20, Co86Fe10.5Ni3.5, and Co85B15. It appears that each of these alloys scatters electrons more strongly than does pure Co as they cross the center film. This scattering degrades the dual spin-valve effect, which is the primary advantage of the symmetric spin valve. As a result, a tradeoff exists between large GMR and small coercivity when using these materials. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362457
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoresistance values exceeding 21% in symmetric spin valves (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report values of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect exceeding 21% in symmetric spin valves, the highest values ever reported for such structures. The key elements in this achievement are the use of a Co/Cu/Co/Cu/Co multilayer in which the center Co layer is substantially thicker than the outer Co layers and the use of the antiferromagnetic insulator NiO at the top and bottom to pin the adjacent Co layers magnetically. The relative Co layer thicknesses suggest that some specular scattering of conduction electrons may occur at the metal/insulator interfaces and may enhance the GMR. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360692
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic recording measurements of high coercivity longitudinal media using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5327-5329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Longitudinal magnetic recordings written on high coercivity medium (Hc=2500 Oe) were investigated using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Recorded tracks with bit density up to 6000 fr/mm were investigated. A variety of qualitative information about the recorded tracks and domain structure in the medium was obtained. It was determined that the recorded bits strongly interacted with domains in the medium at the track edges, causing severe jitter. Also bit bending due to the head field was observed. A new method for the quantitative analysis of recorded tracks was used. Using this method, recording signal and medium signal-to-noise ratio were calculated from MFM data. Parameters obtained in this way showed excellent agreement with signal and signal-to-noise ratio obtained from the recording measurement using a MR head. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361367
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature growth of giant magnetoresistance spin valves (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the dependence of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect, the coercivity, the coupling field, and the resistivity on film deposition at low-substrate temperatures (150 K) in spin valve multilayers of the general type: FeMn/Ni80Fe20/Co/Cu/Co/Ni80Fe20/glass. Low substrate temperatures tend to suppress both thermally activated surface diffusion of deposited atoms and interdiffusion at interfaces, which often occur during thin-film deposition at room temperature. We find significant increases in the GMR, significant reductions in the magnetic coupling across the Cu layer, slight reductions in the coercivity of the unpinned film, and slight reductions in the resistivity depending on which parts of the multilayer are deposited at low temperature. When the entire film is deposited at 150 K we obtain a GMR of 8.8% at a coercivity of less than 0.5 mT (5 Oe). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360942
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perpendicular magnetic recording thin film media using Co/Pd superlattice on ultrathin indium–tin–oxide seed layers (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 6358-6360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Co/Pd superlattices (13 bilayers) have been fabricated on ultrathin (2 nm) indium–tin–oxide (ITO) seed layers for use as perpendicular magnetic recording media. The ITO seed layers have significantly increased the coercivity from 1 to 5 kOe as well as the crystalline orientation texture. It was also found that excellent magnetic properties could be obtained by using Ar instead of Kr as sputtering gas. The sheared hysteresis loop and high squareness suggest weak intergranular coupling and adequate perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which make Co/Pd supelattice a promising candidate for ultrahigh recording densities with thermal stability. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372705
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of magnetic and recording properties of dc magnetron sputtered CoCr thin films (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 3149-3151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: CoCr thin films were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering, on aluminum substrates in a dual-sided sputtering system. Ouchi and Iwasaki [J. Appl. Phys. 57, 4013 (1985)] have reported that for magnetron sputtered CoCr thin films on a substrate at constant temperature, the coercivity is dependent on the substrate temperature and not on the deposition rate. However, for applications in which no heat sinking is applied during deposition the temperature of the film and the substrate increases with time which produces a film with a coercivity gradient that affects both the magnetic and the recording properties. This report investigates the effects of this coercivity gradient on the recorded output amplitudes. The average perpendicular coercivity Hc(⊥) was observed to increase from 65 to 440 Oe, and then decrease with further increase in thickness. The average dispersion of the c axis, Δθ50, decreased from 6.5°, for the thin films, to 2.8° for the thick films. Coercivity measurements reveal a relatively soft film [Hc(⊥)〈100 Oe] for the initial layers. The initial soft layer acts as a magnetic flux sink as does the underlayer in a double-layer media when recorded using a thin-film head. The films with thicker soft layers (100-A(ring)/s deposition rate) show 30–40 % more output when compared to films with thin soft initial layers (lower deposition rates). Comparable recorded outputs were observed when the thick soft layer (1 μm thick at 100-A(ring)/s deposition rate) was replaced with an Fe-Ni-Cr ferromagnetic alloy [Hc(⊥)〈80 Oe].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337822
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of deposition rate on the magnetic, crystalline, and recording properties of CoCrTa/Cr media (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 7518-7523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of magnetic layer deposition rate on longitudinal media's magnetic, crystalline, and recording properties was studied. Slower deposition rates were found to produce a systematic reduction in media transition noise. X-ray diffraction and torque magnetometer data indicated that as the deposition rate was slowed, the out-of-plane anisotropy component of the media increased. Slower deposition rates were also found to increase media saturation magnetization. Increased media signal-to-noise ratios were observed when higher process temperatures were used in conjunction with slower rates. These results are discussed in terms of recent theories which have linked phase segregation and out-of-plane crystalline anisotropy with media magnetic and recording properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349703
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a transition layer on CoCr films (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3997-3999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects of a transition layer separating the substrate and the columnar structure of rf sputtered CoCr films on their magnetic and structural properties have been investigated. The films were removed from glass substrates and the transition layer was etched directly by rf sputtering. It is shown that the abrupt change or anomalous jump observed in the in-plane magnetization hysteresis loop of some CoCr films is caused by a fine-grained transition layer which is about 1000 A(ring) thick and has a coercivity of 200 Oe. The measured in-plane coercivity increased to 1000 Oe when the transition layer was completely removed while no change was observed in the perpendicular coercivity or saturation magnetization. Only films having a transition layer showed a large decrease in the effective anisotropy field as determined from the in-plane loop when sputter etched to a depth of 2000 A(ring) from the top surface. The dispersion of the hcp (002) axes was found to be 3° for films without and 16° for films with a transition layer. These dispersions were found to be independent of the sputter-etched depth indicating that the intrinsic dispersion of the orientation of CoCr films is established by the transition layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334888
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