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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 560 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 635 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 27 (1994), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume On présente les résultats d'essais d'effet d'échelle sur des poteaux en béton armé. Ces poteaux, de grandeurs différentes, étaient homothétiques, avec des rapports de grandeurs 1∶2∶4 et des élancements de 19,2, 35,8 et 52,5. Ils avaient des sections carrées de 12,7, 25,4 et 50,8 mm, le pourcentage d'acier était de 4.91 et la dimension maximale du granulat de 3,2 mm. La charge présentait une eccentricité égale à 0,25 de l'épaisseur du poteau. On a observé qu'il y avait un effet d'échelle remarquable à la charge de ruine, tel que la contrainte nominale à la ruine diminue quand la dimension augmente. Ce résultat contredit les réglementations selon lesquelles il n'y a pas d'effet d'échelle. Il faut en trouver l'explication dans la mécanique de la rupture fragile. Les résultats concordent avec la loi d'échelle proposée par Bažant. On trouve que, si l'élancement du poteau est plus grand, l'effet d'échelle augmente, de même que la fragilité de rupture caractérisant un comportement proche de celui décrit par la mécanique de la rupture fragile. Il reste à éclaircir le rôle joué par l'adhérence de l'acier.
    Notes: Abstract The paper reports the results of a series of tests of geometrically similar pin-ended tied reinforced concrete columns of different sizes, with ratio 1∶2∶4, and slendernesses of 19.2, 35.8 and 52.5. The model columns had square cross-sections of sides 0.5, 1 and 2 in. (12.7, 25.4 and 50.8 mm), reduced-size steel bars with steel ratio 4.91%, and reduced-size aggregate with maximum size 1/8 in. (3.2 mm). The axial load was eccentric, with end eccentricities 0.25 of the cross-section side. It is found that for all slendernesses the failure loads exhibit a strong size effect in which the nominal stress at maximum load (load divided by cross-sectional area) decreases as the size is increased. This contradicts the current design codes, which exhibit no size effect, and indicates that the failure is governed by fracture mechanics. The results are in good agreement with the size-effect law previously proposed by Bažant. For a higher slenderness, the size effect increases and the brittleness of failure, characterizing the proximity to the behaviour described by linear elastic fracture mechanics, increases. The role of bond slip in the observed size effect remains to be clarified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Ca2+ Channel ; Ca2+ Channel activators ; Ca2+ Channel antagonists ; Bay K 8644 ; Structureactivity relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure-activity relationships of a series of 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel activators, including Bay K 8644, have been determined by pharmacologic and radioligand binding techniques. Pharmacologic techniques included tension responses and the measurement of pA2 values for nifedipine antagonism of Bay K 8644 responses in guinea pig ileal, rat femoral and rat atrial and papillary muscle preparations. Radioligand binding experiments employed competition against [3H]nitrendipine binding in ileal smooth muscle and rat ventricular membranes and rat brain synaptosomal preparations. The series of compounds was employed as the racemates. Binding affinities were not significantly different between smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and brain preparations and the same rank order of pharmacologic activities is observed in smooth and cardiac muscle, where the effects of the 4-phenyl substituents, o ⩾ m 〉 p, parallel those observed for 1,4-dihydropyridine antagonists. In the ileal and femoral artery smooth muscle preparations a 1:1 correlation is observed between pharmacologic and radioligand binding affinities. However, in the cardiac muscle preparations, left atrium and papillary muscle, there is an approximately 10-fold difference between the binding affinities and the lower pharmacologic affinities. A similar difference between smooth and cardiac muscle is observed with the pA2 values of 6.97 and 7.06 in atrial and papillary muscle respectively, which are significantly lower than the values of 8.54 and 8.72 measured in ileal and femoral artery respectively. The structure-activity expressions measured for this small series of 1,4-dihydropyridine activators parallel those observed in the larger series of 1,4-dihydropyridine antagonists. This is consistent with proposals that activators and antagonists interact at common binding sites that are components of a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Ca2+ ; Ca2+ channels ; Ca2+ channel antagonists ; 1,4-Dihydropyridines ; [3H]PN 200-110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Ca2+ channel antagonistic potencies of tiamdipine [2-(2-aminoethylthio)methyl-3-carboethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine] and nifedipine [2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine] analogs bearing phenyl ring substituents were studied using pharmacologic and radioligand binding techniques. Additionally, analogs of tiamdipine possessing (2-aminoethylthio)methyl-, (2-acetamidoethylthio)methyl-and (2-pyrrolidinylmethylthio)methyl-groups at the C2 position of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring have been studied. Tiamdipine and nifedipine analogs inhibited K+-induced contractile responses in rat tail artery. IC50 values of 4-phenyl ring substituted 2-(2-aminoethylthio)methyl tiamdipine analogs ranged from 10−7 mol/l to 10−8 mol/l. However, the corresponding 4-phenyl ring substituted nifedipine analogs covered a wider range of potency from 10−6 mol/l to 10−9 mol/l. K, values of the corresponding tiamdipine analogs for the inhibition of specific [3H]PN 200-110 [( I- ) [3H]isopropyl-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)-1,4-dihydro-5-methoxycarbonyl-2,6-dimethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylate] binding-ranged from 10−7 mol/l to 10−9 mol/l in guinea pig ileal and rat heart membranes and rat brain synaptosomes. The two stereoisomers of tiamdipine and its analog 2-(2acetamidoethylthio)methyl-3-carboethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine, and the four stereoisomers of 2-(2-pyrrolidinylmethylthio)methyl-3carboethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)1,4-dihydropyridine showed high stereoselectivity ratios of approximately (−)/(+) = 100 and 1000 in pharmacologic and binding experiments, respectively. The inhibitory actions of 2-(2-aminoethylthio)methyltiamdipine analogs against K+-induced contractile responses in rat tail artery developed very slowly requiring at least 2 h for maximum effect. The recoveries of response to K+ depolarization were also correspondingly slow. However, recovery was greatly accelerated by the presence of the 1,4-dihydropyridine activator Bay K 8644 [2,6-dimethyl-3carbomethoxy-5-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine, 5 × 10−6 mol/l] immediately prior to the K+ challenge. The 2-(2-acetamidoethylthio)methyl tiamdipine derivative and nifedipine produced maximum inhibitory effects within 10 min, and responses recovered rapidly upon washing. The slow kinetics of onset and offset of action of the tiamdipine analogs and the reduced effects of 4-phenyl substitution relative to agents of the nifedipine series suggest that these two series of 1,4-dihydropyridines exhibit different modes of interaction with the Ca2+ channel. At least part of this difference is to be attributed to the presence of a charged group in the basic tiamdipine series. Trapping of these agents within the membrane phase likely contributes to their observed slow kinetics of action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica 77 (1989), S. 281-297 
    ISSN: 1619-6937
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermomechanical deformations of a body made of two different materials and under-going simple shearing deformations are studied with the objectives of finding out when and where adiabatic shear bands will initiate and how they will subsequently grow. Each material is modeled as strain and strain-rate hardening but thermally softening. A shear band is presumed to have formed if the introduction of a temperature perturbation centered around the common interface between the two materials results in an eventual localization of the deformation into a region of width considerably smaller than the width of the initial temperature bump. For a fixed set of material properties the effect of the applied overall strain-rate, and for a fixed applied strain-rate the effect of varying the shear modulus, thermal conductivity, and the coefficient of thermal softening of one material relative to the other have been examined. It is found that a shear band forms in the material that softens more rapidly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 16 (1997), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Keywords: Key Words. Paclobutrazol—Gibberellin—Rice seedling growth—Rice seedling morphology—Carbohydrate allocation—Seedling quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1h-1,2,4-trizol-1-yl)penten-3-ol] effectively decreased vegetative growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings and increased the chlorophyll content. The number of veins in a leaf, the calculated number of stomata per leaf, and the length of guard cells were not altered by the paclobutrazol treatment, suggesting an effect on cell elongation. The allocation pattern of carbohydrates was changed by either gibberellin (GA) or paclobutrazol treatment. GA3 induced more shoot growth and less accumulation of starch than the control and paclobutrazol-treated seedlings. Photosynthetic ability was not affected by either paclobutrazol or GA3 treatment. Paclobutrazol-treated plants allocated a smaller amount of photosynthates for vegetative shoot growth and stored more as starch in the crowns than the control and GA3-treated plants. The same starch degrading activity in the crown tissue of paclobutrazol-treated seedlings as in control plants suggests that the accumulated starch is utilized in a normal activity for growth including leaf emergence, tiller formation, and root production, resulting in improved seedling quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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