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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims : Eosinophilic heart syndromes are rare in Western countries and include endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica (EPF) and hypersensitivity myocarditis (HM). There are striking differences in natural history and morphological findings. Since diagnosis can be difficult when analysing small myocardial biopsies lacking the characteristic histological features, we studied a set of immunohistochemical markers in order to characterize the activation status of the infiltrating eosinophils to distinguish between these two entities.Methods and results : This study is based on the investigation of seven explanted hearts and one left ventricular specimen collected during implantation of a left ventricular assist device from a total of seven patients with HM. Also investigated were three right and three left ventricular specimens from five patients with EPF. We used antibodies (Ab) against EG1, and EG2, CD44, and CD69 which have been described as markers to distinguish between resting and activated eosinophils. The EG1 to EG2 ratio of eosinophils and the immunoreactivity against CD44 showed no differences between the two entities. However, eosinophils in the EPF were completely negative for CD69, whereas eosinophils reacted positively within the HM group.Conclusion : The immunohistochemical investigation of eosinophilic heart diseases using antibodies against CD69 can be a useful tool to distinguish between hypersensitivity myocarditis and endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 11 (1997), S. 339-3344 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörterα2-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten ; systemische Clonidingabe ; chronische Schmerzen ; sympathisch unterhaltener Schmerz ; neuropathische Schmerzen ; Key wordsα2-adrenergic agonists ; systemical administration of clonidine ; chronic path ; sympathetically maintained pain ; neuropathic pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary α2-adrenergic agonists, mimicking the action of the inhibitory transmitter norepinephrine, cause antinociception due to postsynaptic inhibition of spinothalamic projection neurons, presynaptic inhibition at the central nervous system termination of primary sensory nerves, presynaptic inhibition of brainstem noradrenergic neurons and a generalized decrease in central nervous system sympathetic efferent activity. There is a mutual potentiation of antinociceptive effects of clonidine and morphine. Clonidine is used in chronic pain states for treatment of neuropathic, neuralgic and deafferentiating pain. Based on a meta-analysis of the studies published in the years 1996–1996, the therapeutic efficacy of systematically administered clonidine was evaluated in chronic pain states. Out of 403 screened published studies, only 9 fulfilled the selection criteria. Besides three case reports with successful clonidine treatment, four placebo-controlled studies could be analyzed treating the following chronic pain states: chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms; painful diabetic neuropathy; postherpetic neuralgia; hyperalgia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain and chronic low back pain. Although three studies demonstrated statistically significant improvement in pain scores, the improvement in pain relief in these cases was slight. Long-term treatment was successful in a few responders over a period of 17 months. Hyperalgesia caused by sympathetically maintained pain was relieved by topical (transdermal) application of clonidine. Based on this evaluation a grade C recommendation is derived, which relates to responders. Successful treatment is expected only in pain states with increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Therefore, in chronic pain, treatment with systemic clonidine is of no significant value.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung α2-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten wirken über eine Hemmung der synaptischen Erregungsübertragung antinozizeptiv und verstärken die Wirkung von Opioiden. Zur Therapie chronischer Schmerzen wird Clonidin bei neuropathischen, neuralgischen Schmerzen und beim Deaffenzierungsschmerz eingesetzt. Mit einer Metaanalyse der in den Jahren von 1966–1996 publizierten Arbeiten wurde die therapeutische Effektivität von systemisch appliziertem Clonidin beim chronischen Schmerz evaluiert. Von 403 gescreenten Arbeiten erfüllten 9 die Auswahlkriterien. Abgesehen von 3 positiven Fallberichten lagen 4 kontrollierte Studien zur Therapie von Brustschmerz, diabetischer Polyneuropathie, postherpetischer Neuropathie, sympathisch unterhaltenem Schmerz und chronischem Rückenschmerz vor. Obwohl es in 3 Studien unter Clonidintherapie zu einer statistisch signifikanten Verbesserung der Schmerzscores kam, war das Ausmaß der Schmerzreduktion auch in diesen Fällen gering. Langzeittherapieerfolge waren aber bei wenigen Respondern bis zu 17 Monate nachweisbar. Hyperalgesie, die auf sympathisch unterhaltenen Schmerz zurückzuführen war, wurde durch transdermales Clonidin gelindert. Basierend auf dieser Auswertung ist eine Empfehlung Grad C abzuleiten, die sich auf Responder bezieht. Therapieerfolge sind v.a. bei Schmerzzuständen mit erhöhter Sympathikusaktivität zu erwarten. Daher hat die Therapie chronischer Schmerzen mit systemisch appliziertem Clonidin keinen ernstzunehmenden Stellenwert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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