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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 533 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 533 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 82 (1987), S. 317-318 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 9 (1971), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple method for the description and examination of the overall control properties of the circulatory system is derived and discussed. The low frequency input impedance (frequency region between 0.0005 Hz and heart rate) is shown to be a very useful magnitude to examine the closed loop behaviour of the system. It is found that the basic control mechanisms in local arterial beds as well as in the whole circulation can be described by pressure and flow control loops, both having first order transfer properties. Considering the circulation as a whole, the fact has to be taken into account, that the system, including the heart as an amplifyer, is a mechanical feedback system. Onto this system the autoregulatory and neural (baroreceptor) control loops exert their influence. A set of equations is derived, describing the dynamic properties of the circulatory system under closed loop condition and under a variety of open loop conditions. The effect of blood volume variation, infusion of vasoactive drugs, and insertion of a time delay into the carotid baroreceptor circuit can be handeled. The equations in addition yield a simple and powerful stability criterion. The method allows the examination of certain nonlinear properties of the system, like the amplitude dependence of the baroreceptor gain. The objective of the study is, to present a semi-quantitative overlook over the behaviour of the whole circulation in response to disturbances in the low frequency region. Therefore approximated transfer functions were used to describe the circulatory control properties. In this sense the study yields more new questions than it can answer old questions. The approach, simple as it is, already proved very useful for the design of experiments, some of which are shortely mentioned as examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Respiration control ; Sleep apnea ; CO2 and oxygen response ; Hypoxia ; Sudden infant death syndrome ; Atemsteuerung ; Schlafapnoen ; Hypoxie ; CO2- und O2-Antwortkurven ; plötzlicher Kindestod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten das Verhalten verschiedener Variabler, die mit der Atemregulation bei Säuglingen bis zu einem Alter von 6 Monaten in Verbindung stehen, um ein eventuelles Risiko für das Auftreten eines SIDS-Ereignisses (sudden infant death syndrome) identifizieren zu können. Bei 23 von insgesamt 114 untersuchten Säuglingen waren bereits ernste oder lebensbedrohende Apnoeanfälle während chirurgischer Eingriffe unter Narkose beobachtet worden. Diese Babies wurden als Risikogruppe bezeichnet, während die restlichen untersuchten Säuglinge als Kontrollgruppe galten. Wir konnten zeigen, daß praktisch alle Risikosäuglinge Apnoen während des Schlafes hatten, die eine Länge von 8 s überschritten. Lediglich 22% aller Kontrollsäuglinge hatten Apnoen dieser Länge. Von den aufgezeichneten Atemkurven berechneten wir als statistischen Parameter den mittleren Atemsausfall in s pro min (MA-Wert). Dieser MA-Wert war bei der Risikogruppe im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe statistisch signifikant erhöht. Durch kontinuierliche Aufzeichnungen der transkutanen $$P_{O_2 } $$ -Werte konnte darüber hinaus noch gezeigt werden, daß die Babies der Risikogruppe zu einer Hypoxämie während des Schlafes neigen. Übereinstimmend mit dieser Beobachtung ist auch der Anstieg der 2,3-DPG-Konzentration und der Abfall der Dichte der Erythrocyten bei Risikosäuglingen. Verabreichung leicht hypoxischer Gasgemische führte besonders bei der Risikogruppe
    Notes: Summary We have examined the behavior of several variables which are related to respiratory control in 114 infants (up to 6 months of age) in order to assess the risk for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). 23 of the infants had already had demonstrable serious or life threatening apneas or respiratory problems during surgical anesthesia. These infants were assigned as a risk group, and the rest of the investigated babies was taken as a control group. We found that practically all infants of the risk group had apneas during sleep, which lasted longer than 8 s each. Only 22% of the infants of the control group had apneas of such a duration. As a statistical parameter, calculated from at least 1 hour recording of respiration, we defined the mean apnea duration (MA-value) as average value of apnea duration time in seconds per minute of recording. The MA-value proved to be significantly elevated in the infants of the risk group. The trend to hypoxia in the infants of the risk group was also indicated by the observation of lower transcutaneous $$P_{O_2 } $$ -values (tc- $$P_{O_2 } $$ ) during sleep, when compared with control infants. In agreement with this observation is the increase of the 2,3-DPG concentration and the decrease of the density of erythrocytes of the infants of the risk group. Breathing hypoxic gas mixtures tended to depress respiration in all infants tested, and, especially in the risk group, to elicit irregular respiratory patterns. On the other hand, we observed that inhalation of pure oxygen markedly stimulated respiration in all infants investigated. We conclude from these observations that a risk for SIDS may be related to a particular response pattern of the respiratory center during the early postnatal life. We are able to distinguish infants with a higher risk for SIDS from other children by determination of the MA-value during sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Geschichte der Anästhesie ; Hammerschmidt ; Ätheranästhesie ; Key words Anaesthesia ; Ether ; Research ; Biography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Karl Eduard Hammerschmidt was born in Vienna in 1901. There are indications that after studying law he passed on to studies in medicine and surgery in Vienna, though it has to be said there is no trace of his attaining any qualification. After this he worked in various scientific sectors and in recognition of his achievements he was accepted as a member of the Kaiser Leopold Academy of Researchers in Natural Sciences in Bonn. From February 1847 to March 1848 he induced numerous general anaesthetics with ether, working with Dr. J. Weiger, a dentist in Vienna. On 11 July 1847 he published preliminary statistics based on 1560 dental operations performed under ether anaesthesia and also on numerous experiments performed on himself and investigations conducted with ether in animals and in healthy subjects. From the viewpoint of scientific research into and widening of the applications of ether anaesthesia, his most meritorious achievements include the early publication of a staging classification for ether anaesthesia, the introduction of an anaesthetic protocol for patients that also lent itself to data recording for statistical purposes and the early realization that the ability to hear is retained for a very long time during anaesthesia. In 1848 Hammerschmidt was obliged to flee to Istanbul by way of Hungary because of his involvement in the October Revolution. Once there, he continued to work as a doctor and later became Professor of Medicine at the University of Istanbul. He converted to Islam, taking the name of Abdullah Bey, and also became a colonel in the Turkish army. He was one of the founders of the Red Crescent, the humanitarian sisterorganization of the Red Cross, and the Turkish Post commemorated this with the issue of a stamp honouring him when the organization celebrated the centenary of its formation in 1968. In 1869 the Hapsburg dynasty also honoured him with orders and distinctions. He died in Istanbul in 1874 as a highly esteemed personage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Karl Eduard Hammerschmidt wurde 1801 in Wien geboren. Nach einem Studium der Rechtswissenschaft finden sich Hinweise auf medizinisch-chirurgische Studien in Wien, allerdings ohne nachweisbaren Abschluß. Danach betätigte er sich in verschiedenen naturwissenschaftlichen Sparten und wurde in Anerkennung seiner Leistungen in die Kaiserlich-Leopoldinische Akademie der Naturforscher in Bonn aufgenommen. Von Februar 1847 bis März 1848 führte er zahlreiche Äthernarkosen zusammen mit Zahnarzt Dr. J. Weiger in Wien durch. Am 11. Juli 1847 veröffentlichte er eine erste Statistik mit 1560 Ätherisierungen bei Zahnoperationen neben zahlreichen Selbstversuchen und Untersuchungen mit Äther bei Tieren und Gesunden. Seine Verdienste zur wissenschaftlichen Erforschung und Verbreitung der Ätheranästhesie umfassen die frühzeitige Publikation einer Stadieneinteilung für Ätheranästhesie, die Einführung eines Narkoseprotokolls für Patienten, das auch für die statische Erfassung geeignet war und die frühzeitige Erkenntnis, daß das Hörvermögen während der Anästhesie sehr lange erhalten bleibt. 1848 mußte Hammerschmidt wegen seiner Teilnahme an der Oktoberrevolution über Ungarn nach Instanbul fliehen, wo er sich nunmehr ärztlich betätigte und später auch Professor an der Medizinischen Fakultät Istanbul wurde. Er trat zum islamischen Glauben über, nannte sich Abdullah Bey und wurde auch Oberst in der Türkischen Armee. Er gilt als der Begründer des Roten Halbmonds, der humanitären Schwesternorganisation des Roten Kreuzes, dessentwegen ihm die Türkische Post 1968 anläßlich des 100. Gründungsjahres eine Briefmarke widmete. Die Habsburger Monarchie ehrte ihn 1869 ebenfalls mit Orden und Auszeichnungen. 1874 verstarb er hochgeachtet in Istanbul.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 274 (1961), S. 41-42 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 145 (1986), S. 357-360 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Endorphines ; Regulation of respiration ; Sleep apnoea syndrome ; SIDS ; Naloxone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of intravenous injections of the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.005–0.4 mg/kg body weight) on respiratory pattern, apnoea duration and frequency were investigated in six infants with severe sleep apnoea syndrome. Since several authors found elevated plasma- and CSF-levels of endogenous opioids (endorphines) in infants with sleep apnoea syndrome, we wanted to determine whether the impairment of the control mechanisms of respiration during sleep is due to an effect of endogenous opioids. Independent of the dose, naloxone did not exert any effect on respiratory pattern and occurrence of periodic apnoea. We were unable to prove that endorphines play a major role in pathogenesis of sleep apnoea syndrome in infancy and possibly in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We speculate that elevated levels of endorphines reported by some investigators rather seem to be a consequence of hypoxic stress than a cause for sleep apnoeas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Respiration ; Sleep apnea ; Sudden infant death syndrome ; Aminophylline ; QT interval ; Postnatal period
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the application of statistical parameters related to respiratory control in order to assess possible risk for the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The suitability of these parameters was tested in 287 infants between 1 day and 6 months of age. Respiration of the infants was recorded during sleep, and duration and frequency of apneic spells was evaluated. All infants were patients of the department of pediatric surgery, and were free of pulmonary, cardiac or cerebral diseases. Of the investigated infants, 54 were assigned as an at risk group, for they had already had demonstrable serious or life threatening apneas or respiratory problems during anesthesia. We computed the frequency distribution of sleep apnea durations, and calculated the respective probabilities for the occurrence of apnea of a certain duration according to age. By analogy with Shannon's well known definition of average information content we defined an entropy term, which formally agrees with the definition of entropy in thermodynamics. This statistical procedure seems to be well suited for the identification of disorders in respiration control possibly related to a risk for SIDS. All at risk infants were treated with aminophylline, and the respiratory state improved significantly in nearly all cases. In some infants QT intervals were evaluated from the ECG recordings during sleep, but no significant differences between risk and control infants could be demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 75 (1997), S. 226-232 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Ballistocardiac motion  ;  Relaxed muscle  ;   Resonance properties  ;  Mild handgrip  ;  Muscle sound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microvibration (MV) of the freely hanging and firmly supported lower arm was studied (n = 8) using two accelerometers, one located over muscle tissue (brachioradialis muscle) and one over bony tissue (processus styloideus). Measurements were made in the completely relaxed arm (REST), during arterial occlusion (CUFF) and during mild handgrip (GRIP), first with the arm relaxed and hanging beside the chair and then repeated with the arm supported in a special rest. At REST, ballistocardiac forces were identified as the driving mechanism for the regular MV pattern, whereas actions of local pulse waves (CUFF) could be excluded. During GRIP irregular MV, related to the contraction process, became superimposed on both signals. The MV at REST was sensitive to arm position. In the freely hanging state, when the arm was family coupled to the trunk, ballistocardiac body motion was present over bony tissue, producing a low damped 7–13 Hz resonant response over muscle tissue. In the supported state, the arm became isolated from body motions. Nevertheless, ballistocardiac forces reached the arm, producing smaller oscillatory responses over bone and muscle tissue. Regionally produced MV (GRIP) was not sensitive to arm position, but the spectrum content in the 7–13 Hz region was very similar to REST. From these results it would appear, that a low damped 7–13 Hz resonance process exists in relaxed muscle tissue, which physiologically becomes stimulated by cardiac and muscle forces. From the close relationship of the simultaneous MV waveforms in the supported arm, evidence for mechanical coupling between bone and muscle tissue is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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