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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological monitoring of styrene in the reinforced plastics industry in Emilia Romagna, Italy (1993)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 65 (1993), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Glass reinforced plastics industry ; Styrene ; Occupational exposure ; Biological monitoring ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biological monitoring of styrene exposure among workers in the reinforced plastics industry is widely implemented in the region of Emilia Romagna, Italy. More than 18000 urine samples measurements of the main metabolites of styrene, mandelic (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid, were retrieved for the period 1978–1990, and 4689 values of MA in postshift urine samples were analyzed for various variables thought to influence styrene exposure. The job performed was found to be the most important predictor of styrene exposure. Hand laminators had the highest exposure (mean MA 682 mg/g creatinine); spray laminators showed lower values (404 mg/g), while levels in semiautomatic process operators(243 mg/g) were only slightly higher than in nonprocess workers (186 mg/g). The use of ventilation resulted in lower exposure, but differences in average values were not particularly wide. Exposure decreased weakly during the study period in all work categories, but the percentage of measurements exceeding the current biological limit value (900 mg/g creatinine, 1300 mg/1 corrected for density) is still very high (20% of measurements among hand laminators in 1990). These results indicate that the control measures implemented are only partially effective for the prevention of styrene exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405725
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 70 (1997), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Exposure ; Epidemiology ; Pulp industry ; Paper industry ; Data base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An international data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries was constructed to be used in exposure assessment for epidemiology studies and hazard control. Industrial hygiene and biological monitoring data were collected from countries participating in the multicentric study of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Each measurement was characterized by country, mill type and number, department, job, agent measured, sampling method, measurement result in the standard unit, duration and date of sampling, assessment of representativeness, measurer, purpose of measurements, and remarks (e.g. on measurement sites and biases). Over 31,000 measurement results on 246 different chemical agents from 13 countries were available from pulp (45% of measurements), paper/paperboard/recycling (12%) and paper product (11%) mills or from their non-production departments (23%). Most measurements (82%) were carried out after 1980. The most frequently measured group of agents was inorganic gases (35%), followed by organic compounds (25%), solvents (18%), mineral dusts (12%), metals (6%) and bioaerosols (3%). Over 90% of the measurements were without an obvious bias, but their true representativeness is difficult to assess. Concentrations of various agents, including sulfur dioxide, chlorine dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, ammonia, formaldehyde and some solvents, often exceeded current occupational exposure limits. This data base summarizes a great deal of previously unpublished exposure data, provides a unique opportunity to study exposure patterns at the international level and identifies exposure situations that require further attention and investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050195
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soft-tissue sarcoma (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 493-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051362
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer mortality in German male workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and dioxins (1996)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 312-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cohort study ; dioxin exposure ; Germany ; lung cancer ; males ; occupation ; total cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In an occupational cohort study, the relation between exposure to phenoxy herbicides, and contaminants (dioxins and furans) and cancer mortality was investigated. A total of 2,479 workers from four plants in Germany were included, with a mortality follow-up until the end of 1989 (for one cohort, until the end of 1992). A total of 484 deaths were recorded yielding a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 101 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=92–111) for total mortality, and an SMR of 119 (CI=100–141) for all malignant diseases. A variety of herbicides was produced, including those which are known to have been contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). High dioxin and furan exposure (in particular, exposure to TCDD, but also to higher chlorinated dioxins) had occurred in two of the four plants as shown by blood-fat measurements in a sample of workers. Mortality from all neoplasms increased with latency and was highest in the largest plant where the highest TCDD blood levels were recorded. An increased mortality in the total cohort from respiratory cancer (SMR=154, CI=115–202), cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx (SMR=295, CI=135–560), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR=326, CI=119–710) was observed. Our findings are consistent with results from other cohorts which showed an increased overall cancer mortality and mortality of respiratory cancer after long-term exposure to these phenoxy herbicides and dioxins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052936
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coffee consumption and bladder cancer in nonsmokers: a pooled analysis of case–control studies in European countries (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 925-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: bladder cancer ; coffee consumption ; nonsmokers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Coffee consumption has been associated with an excess bladder cancer risk, but results from epidemiological studies are inconsistent. This association has been long debated, in part due to the potential confounding by smoking. We examined the risk associated with coffee consumption in nonsmokers in a pooled analysis of ten European bladder cancer case–control studies. Methods: The pooled data set comprises 564 cases and 2929 hospital or population controls who had never smoked. They were enrolled in ten studies conducted in Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Spain. Information on coffee consumption and occupation was re-coded following standard criteria. Unconditional logistic regression was applied adjusting for age, study center, occupation and gender. Results: Seventy-nine percent of the study population reported having drunk coffee, and 2.4% were heavy drinkers, reporting having drunk on average ten or more cups per day. There was no excess risk in ever coffee drinkers (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8–1.3) compared to never drinkers. The risk did not increase monotonically with dose but a statistically significant excess risk was seen for subjects having drunk ten or more cups per day (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.0–3.3). This excess was seen in both men and women. There was no evidence of an association of the risk with duration or type of coffee consumption. The pooled results were not dependent on the findings of any specific study, but they depended on the type of controls with an overall excess risk observed only for studies using hospital controls. Conclusion: Nonsmokers who are heavy coffee drinkers may have a small excess risk of bladder cancer. Although these results cannot be attributed to confounding by smoking, the possibility of bias in control selection cannot be discarded. On the basis of these results, only a very small proportion of cancers of the bladder among nonsmokers could be attributed to coffee drinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026524014954
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer incidence and mortality in women occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 547-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; dioxins ; herbicides ; females ; international ; neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The association between exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides contaminated with dioxins and occurrence of cancer has been studied mainly in male populations. In animal experiments, gender differences have been recorded in the cancer response to administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Mortality and cancer incidence in an international cohort of 701 women from an International Register of Workers occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins is examined. Cause-specific, national death rates and cancer incidence rates were used as referents. Cancer risk was not increased overall, with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 96 and 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of 64–137, based on 29 cases. Among workers exposed to those chlorophenoxy herbicides contaminated with TCDD, excess cancer incidence (for all sites) was observed (SIR=222, CI=102–422, 9 cases); this was highest in the first 10 years after exposure. No excess was observed for breast cancer, the most common cancer in this cohort. Results on cancer mortality were consistent with those on incidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052430
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupation and bladder cancer in European women (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: bladder neoplasms ; occupation ; risk factors ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: We examined the importance of occupational exposures for bladder cancer in women. Methods: We combined data from 11 case-control studies conducted between 1976 and 1996 in six European countries. The pooled data comprised 700 incident female cases and 2425 population or hospital controls, aged 30–79 years. Lifetime occupational and smoking history were examined using common coding. Results: Excess risks were found in only a few of the occupations previously identified at high risk for bladder cancer. Statistically significant excess risks were observed for metal workers, particularly blacksmiths, toolmakers and machine tool operators (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1–3.6), tobacco workers (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1–9.3), field crop and vegetable farm workers (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0–3.1), tailors and dress makers (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–2.1), saleswomen (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.0–6.9), and mail sorting clerks (OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.0–19.5). About 8% (95% CI: 3.1–19.9) of all bladder cancers in women could be attributed to occupation after adjusting for smoking. The attributable risk was higher in women aged less than 65 years (12%), compared to older women (4%). Conclusions: The calculation of the attributable risk on the basis of results from this analysis may have caused some overestimation of the proportion of occupational bladder cancer in women. A significant proportion, however, of bladder cancer cases among European women less than 65years is likely to be attributed to occupation. This link between bladder cancer in women and occupational factors has received little recognition, probably because studies addressing these issues have predominantly been done in men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008852127139
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