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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 108 (1984), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Occupation ; Cancer ; Attributable risk ; Study methods ; Confidentiality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Most chemical compounds and physical agents recognized as human carcinogens were first identified in the occupational environment by epidemiological studies. Some 2%–8% of all cancers have been attributed to occupational exposures, but the limitations of such estimates should be recognized. The use of existing medical information systems on occupational cancer for hypothesis generation may be improved by comparing the results emerging from different countries. An initiative in this direction is recommended. Clues emerging from such general systems should be submitted to further studies to test specific hypotheses concerning risk factors. Record linkage is necessary for the epidemiological study of occupational cancer. Efforts must be made towards the storage of identifiable records with information on occupation and cancer occurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 13 (1989), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le cancer du col utérin est le deuxième plus fréquent cancer du monde chez la femme. La majorité de ces cancers sont des cancers épidermoïdes. La pratique de frottis pour détecter les lésions précancéreuses du col est connue depuis 40 ans; cependant leur valeur réelle n'a jamais été évaluée avec précision. Les données accumulées à partir des analyses actuarielles, des control-case et des cohortes ont démontré que l'incidence et la mortalité ont pu être réduites par un programme de dépistage. Le risque de présenter un cancer du col malgré ces programmes de dépistage a été estimé par une étude récente. Des examens de dépistage à intervalles de un et de trois ans ont réduit l'incidence du cancer du col de 94% et 91%, respectivement. Le cancer du col est rare chez le femme jeune, et on estime qu'il y a peu à gagner à inclure les femmes de moins de 25 ans dans un programme de dépistage. L'âge moyen auquel ce cancer apparaît a changé: on a vu augmenter la proportion des cancers du col chez la femme âgée qui n'ont jamais bénéficié d'un programme de dépistage. L'informatisation des examens anatomopathologiques pourrait aider à enregistrer des résultats de frottis et à assurer qu'un pourcentage élevé de femmes subit ces examens de façon régulière avec un coût minimum. Dans le programme de dépistage, il faut inclure les résultats de frottis et de traitement.
    Abstract: Resumen El cáncer cervical es el segundo en frecuencia en las mujeres a escala mundial. La mayoría de los cánceres cervicales son carcinomas escamocelulares. El frotis de Papanicolaou para la detección precoz de lesiones precursoras del cáncer cervical ha estado disponible desde hace 40 años. Jamás se ha emprendido un ensayo clínico para evaluar el frotis de Papanicolaou. Sin embargo, se ha acumulado gradualmente evidencia proveniente de análisis de las tendencias cronologicas y de estudios de cohortes y casos controlados, sobre reducción en la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer cervical como resultado de programas organizados de tamizaje. El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer cervical en relación a diferentes políticas de tamizaje fue estimado en un reciente estudio de la Agencia Internacional para Investigación en Cáncer. El tamizaje con intervalos de 1 año y 3 años resulta en una reducción estimada de la incidencia de cáncer escamocelular del cervix de 94% y 91%, respectivamente. El cáncer cervical es raro en mujeres jóvenes, y se juzgó que poco se obtiene de incluir mujeres de menos de 25 años en programas organizados de tamizaje. La distribución etárea del cáncer cervical ha cambiado; una proporción sustancial de casos se presenta actualmente en las generaciones mayores de mujeres que nunca recibieron la oferta de tamizaje organizado. Los sistemas computadorizados de registros de patología pueden servir como un instrumento para la integración de los programas de toma de citología, lo cual asegura que un número elevado de mujeres puedan ser tamizadas en forma regular y a bajos costos. El planeamiento de un programa de tamizaje debe incluir tanto la toma de muestras como el tratamiento.
    Notes: Abstract Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. The majority of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Pap smears for early detection of precursor lesions of cervical cancer have been availáblé for 40 years. A clinical trial to evaluate Pap smears was never undertaken; however, evidence gradually accumulated from time trend analyses and from cohort and case-control studies showed the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer to be reduced by organized screening programs. The risk of cervical cancer following different screening histories was estimated in a recent study of the International Agency for Research on Cáncer. Screening with 1-year and 3-year intervals was estimated to reduce the incidence of squamous cervical cancer by 94% and 91%, respectively. Cervical cancer is rare in young women, and little was estimated to be gained from including women below the age of 25 years in organized screening programs. The age distribution of cervical cancer has changed; a substantial proportion of cases now occur in the older generations of women, who have never been offered organized screening. Computerized pathology registration systems may serve as a tool for integration of the total smear-taking activity and, thus, ensure that a high percentage of women are screened regularly at minimized costs. The planning of a screening program should include both the smear-taking activity and the treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 29 (1984), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au Royaume-Uni, en France et dans les pays scandinaves, les différences socio-économiques et professionnelles de la mortalité ont été étudiées en utilisant les données des recensements et des certificats de décès. Ces études font constater la persistance d'un gradient social de la mortalité générale, et montrent par conséquent que cet aspect de l'équité sociale doit encore Être réalisé. Ces études offrent également des compléments utiles aux études cliniques pour l'identification des risques spécifiques à certaines professions. Il faut souhaiter que d autres pays européens exploitent les données disponibles dans cette perspective.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In England und Wales, Frankreich und den skandinavischen Ländern wurden die sozio-ökonomischen und beruflichen Unterschiede der Sterblichkeit mit Daten aus den Volkszählungen und den Todesscheinen untersucht. Diese Studien zeigen die Beständigkeit eines sozialen Gradients im Bereich allgemeiner Sterblichkeit und weisen somit daraufhin, dass dieser Aspekt der sozialen Gerechtigkeit noch zu realisieren ist. Diese Studien liefern auch nützliche ergänzende Beiträge zu klinischen Studien über berufsspezifische Risikofaktoren. Es ist zu hoffen, dass noch mehr europäische Länder ihre diesbezüglichen Daten in ähnlicher Weise auswerten werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cancer incidence ; Denmark ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; phenoxy herbicide ; soft tissue sarcoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report is an update of a cohort study from the two Danish phenoxy herbicide manufacturing plants. The study originally covered the period 1947–82. Data now have been added for the period 1983–87. In 1943–87, the 940 phenoxy herbicide manufacturing and packaging workers experienced the same overall cancer incidence as the Danish population (observed [Obs]=66; expected [Exp]=64.27; standardized incidence ratio [SIR]=1.0; 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.8–1.3). The same was true for the 1,179 workers employed in manual service functions. The data for 1947–82 included five cases of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). One of these patients had his diagnosis changed when he died in 1985. One new STS case was diagnosed during the period 1983–87. This updated study thus includes a total of five STS cases. Four of the STS cases were observed among persons potentially exposed to phenoxy herbicide (Exp=1.76; SIR=2.3; CI=0.6–5.8). Three of the cases occurred among men employed for at least one year in one factory. In this subgroup, an SIR of 6.4 (CI=1.3–18.7) was observed when a 10-year latency period was taken into account. Based on small numbers, this Danish study thus continues to add to the evidence for a possible association between phenoxy herbicide exposure and risk of STS. Persons potentially exposed to phenoxy herbicide had an incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma close to that of the Danish population (Obs=4; Exp=3.08; SIR=1.3; CI=0.4–3.3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cervical cancer ; Denmark ; reproduction ; sexual activity ; venereal diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sexual, reproductive and venereal risk factors for cervical neoplasia were investigated in a population-based case-control study of 586 women with histologically verified, cervical squamous-cell carcinoma in situ, and 59 women with invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer, diagnosed from 1985 to 1986 in Copenhagen. Cases were identified from the computerized Danish Cancer Registry. An age-stratified control group (n=614) was drawn at random from the female population in the study area by means of the Danish Central Population Register. A structured questionnaire was mailed to cases as well as controls. Increasing number of sexual partners exerted a significant effect on the risk both for carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer, independently of age at first intercourse and other potential confounders. Conversely, the association with early age at first intercourse became statistically insignificant after allowance for other risk factors, although an increasing risk was still observed with decreasing age at sexual debut. Early age at first episode with genital warts was a significant risk factor for carcinoma in situ, perhaps indicating a possible increased susceptibility of the cervix epithelium during adolescence. A history of genital warts was a good predictor of risk for carcinoma in situ, whereas a history of previous gonorrhea was associated with an increased risk for invasive carcinoma. Women with multiple births had a significantly increased adjusted risk, especially for carcinoma in situ, although some association was also observed with invasive cervical cancer. The study supports the hypothesis of cervical neoplasia being a sexually transmitted disease, and that carcinoma in situ and invasive cervical carcinoma, to a high degree, have similar patterns of risk factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: bladder neoplasms ; occupation ; risk factors ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: We examined the importance of occupational exposures for bladder cancer in women. Methods: We combined data from 11 case-control studies conducted between 1976 and 1996 in six European countries. The pooled data comprised 700 incident female cases and 2425 population or hospital controls, aged 30–79 years. Lifetime occupational and smoking history were examined using common coding. Results: Excess risks were found in only a few of the occupations previously identified at high risk for bladder cancer. Statistically significant excess risks were observed for metal workers, particularly blacksmiths, toolmakers and machine tool operators (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1–3.6), tobacco workers (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1–9.3), field crop and vegetable farm workers (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0–3.1), tailors and dress makers (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–2.1), saleswomen (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.0–6.9), and mail sorting clerks (OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.0–19.5). About 8% (95% CI: 3.1–19.9) of all bladder cancers in women could be attributed to occupation after adjusting for smoking. The attributable risk was higher in women aged less than 65 years (12%), compared to older women (4%). Conclusions: The calculation of the attributable risk on the basis of results from this analysis may have caused some overestimation of the proportion of occupational bladder cancer in women. A significant proportion, however, of bladder cancer cases among European women less than 65years is likely to be attributed to occupation. This link between bladder cancer in women and occupational factors has received little recognition, probably because studies addressing these issues have predominantly been done in men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; database ; register
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Clinical databases have been invented to monitor treatment outcomes, therapies or diseases, often in great detail. The traditional population-based cancer registry has been invented to collect a minimum of information about all incident cancers. Do clinical databases render population-based cancer registers obsolete as sources of cancer cases for epidemiological study? Methods: We compared the study base of first incident breast cancer cases in Denmark in 1978–1994 known from the national cancer register and from the national clinical database on breast cancer patients. The clinical database is used for monitoring protocoled treatment. Results: Combining the two data sources we found 48,522 first primary breast cancers in Denmark 1978–1994. Of these, 37,640 were included in both data sources, 2151 were included only in the clinical database, and 8731 were included only in the cancer register. A major part of the difference between the two data sources was due to treatment-focused data collection in the clinical database, and a minor part due to differences in the registration of second primaries, date of diagnosis and invasiveness. Conclusions: Cancer incidence data are sensitive to registration procedures and definitions. Clinical cancer databases cannot generally replace the traditional cancer register as a reliable data source for incident cancer cases in a national population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: bladder cancer ; coffee consumption ; nonsmokers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Coffee consumption has been associated with an excess bladder cancer risk, but results from epidemiological studies are inconsistent. This association has been long debated, in part due to the potential confounding by smoking. We examined the risk associated with coffee consumption in nonsmokers in a pooled analysis of ten European bladder cancer case–control studies. Methods: The pooled data set comprises 564 cases and 2929 hospital or population controls who had never smoked. They were enrolled in ten studies conducted in Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Spain. Information on coffee consumption and occupation was re-coded following standard criteria. Unconditional logistic regression was applied adjusting for age, study center, occupation and gender. Results: Seventy-nine percent of the study population reported having drunk coffee, and 2.4% were heavy drinkers, reporting having drunk on average ten or more cups per day. There was no excess risk in ever coffee drinkers (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8–1.3) compared to never drinkers. The risk did not increase monotonically with dose but a statistically significant excess risk was seen for subjects having drunk ten or more cups per day (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.0–3.3). This excess was seen in both men and women. There was no evidence of an association of the risk with duration or type of coffee consumption. The pooled results were not dependent on the findings of any specific study, but they depended on the type of controls with an overall excess risk observed only for studies using hospital controls. Conclusion: Nonsmokers who are heavy coffee drinkers may have a small excess risk of bladder cancer. Although these results cannot be attributed to confounding by smoking, the possibility of bias in control selection cannot be discarded. On the basis of these results, only a very small proportion of cancers of the bladder among nonsmokers could be attributed to coffee drinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 259-259 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; dioxins ; herbicides ; females ; international ; neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The association between exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides contaminated with dioxins and occurrence of cancer has been studied mainly in male populations. In animal experiments, gender differences have been recorded in the cancer response to administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Mortality and cancer incidence in an international cohort of 701 women from an International Register of Workers occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins is examined. Cause-specific, national death rates and cancer incidence rates were used as referents. Cancer risk was not increased overall, with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 96 and 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of 64–137, based on 29 cases. Among workers exposed to those chlorophenoxy herbicides contaminated with TCDD, excess cancer incidence (for all sites) was observed (SIR=222, CI=102–422, 9 cases); this was highest in the first 10 years after exposure. No excess was observed for breast cancer, the most common cancer in this cohort. Results on cancer mortality were consistent with those on incidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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