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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial DNA genealogy (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 32-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hominoid phylogeny ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nucleotide substitutions ; Molecular clock ; Phylogenetic trees ; Divergence times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Molecular biology has resurrected C. Darwin and T.H. Huxley's question about the origin of humans, but the precise branching pattern and dating remain controversial. To settle this issue, a large amount of sequence information is required. We determined mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences for five hominoids; pygmy and common chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang. The common region compared with the known human sequence is 4759 by long, encompassing genes for 11 transfer RNAs and 6 proteins. Because of the high substitution rates in mammalian mtDNA and an unprecedentedly large region compared, the sequence differences clearly indicate that the closest relatives to human are chimpanzees rather than gorilla. For dating the divergences of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla, we used only unsaturated parts of sequence differences in which the mtDNA genealogy is not obscured by multiple substitutions. The result suggests that gorilla branched off 7.7 ± 0.7 million years (Myr) ago and human 4.7 ± 0.5 Myr ago; the time difference between these divergences being as long as 3 Myr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160258
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of hominoid mitochondrial DNA with special reference to the silent substitution rate over the genome (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 36 (1993), S. 517-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hominoid mitochondrial DNA ; Nucleotide substitution rate ; Transition bias ; Base compositions ; Functional constraints ; Multiple hit corrections ; Transfer RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Focusing on the synonymous substitution rate, we carried out detailed sequence analyses of hominoid mitochondrial (mt) DNAs of ca. 5-kb length. Owing to the outnumbered transitions and strong biases in the base compositions, synonymous substitutions in mtDNA reach rapidly a rather low saturation level. The extent of the compositional biases differs from gene to gene. Such changes in base compositions, even if small, can bring about considerable variation in observed synonymous differences and may result in the region-dependent estimate of the synonymous substitution rate. We demonstrate that such a region dependency is due to a failure to take proper account of heterogeneous compositional biases from gene to gene but that the actual synonymous substitution rate is rather uniform. The synonymous substitution rate thus estimated is 2.37 ± 0.11 × 10−8 per site per year and comparable to the overall rate for the noncoding region. On the other hand, the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions differs considerably from gene to gene, as expected under the neutral theory of molecular evolution. The lowest rate is 0.8 × 10−9 per site per year forCOI and the highest rate is 4.5 × 10−9 forATPase 8, the degree of functional constraints (measured by the ratio of the nonsynonymous to the synonymous substitution rate) being 0.03 and 0.19, respectively. Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes also show variability in the base contents and thus in the nucleotide differences. The average rate for 11 tRNAs contained in the 5-kb region is 3.9 × 10−9 per site per year. The nucleotide substitutions in the genome suggest that the transition rate is about 17 times faster than the transversion rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556356
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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