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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial DNA genealogy (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 32-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hominoid phylogeny ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nucleotide substitutions ; Molecular clock ; Phylogenetic trees ; Divergence times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Molecular biology has resurrected C. Darwin and T.H. Huxley's question about the origin of humans, but the precise branching pattern and dating remain controversial. To settle this issue, a large amount of sequence information is required. We determined mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences for five hominoids; pygmy and common chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang. The common region compared with the known human sequence is 4759 by long, encompassing genes for 11 transfer RNAs and 6 proteins. Because of the high substitution rates in mammalian mtDNA and an unprecedentedly large region compared, the sequence differences clearly indicate that the closest relatives to human are chimpanzees rather than gorilla. For dating the divergences of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla, we used only unsaturated parts of sequence differences in which the mtDNA genealogy is not obscured by multiple substitutions. The result suggests that gorilla branched off 7.7 ± 0.7 million years (Myr) ago and human 4.7 ± 0.5 Myr ago; the time difference between these divergences being as long as 3 Myr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160258
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Position of Mammoth and Steller's Sea Cow Within Tethytheria Demonstrated by Mitochondrial DNA Sequences (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. 406 -413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Cytochrome b— Ancient DNA —Mammuthus primigenius—Hydrodamalis gigas— Proboscidea — Sirenia — Tethytheria — Molecular phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Here we report DNA sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene segments (1,005 base pairs per species) for the extinct woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) and the extant Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), the Western Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), and the hyrax (Procavia capensis). These molecular data have allowed us to construct the phylogeny for the Tethytheria. Our molecular data resolve the trichotomy between the two species of living elephants and the mammoth and confirm that the mammoth was more closely related to the Asian elephant than to the African elephant. Our data also suggest that the sea cow–dugong divergence was likely as ancient as the dugong–manatee split, and it appears to have been much earlier (22 million years ago) than had been previously estimated (4–8 million years ago) by immunological comparison.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006160
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular phylogeny of gibbons inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Preliminary report (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gibbons ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the 896 base-pair (bp) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences for seven gibbons, representative of three out of four subgenera. The result from our molecular analysis is consistent with previous studies as to the monophyly of subgenusHylobates species, yet the relationship among subgenera remains slightly ambiguous. A striking result of the analysis is the phylogenetic location of Kloss's gibbon (H. klossii). Kloss's gibbon has been considered to be an initial off-shoot of the subgenusHylobates because of its morphological primitiveness. However, our molecular data strongly suggest that Kloss's gibbon speciated most recently within the subgenusHylobates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215183
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular phylogeny of gibbons inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Preliminary report (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gibbons ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the 896 base-pair (bp) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences for seven gibbons, representative of three out of four subgenera. The result from our molecular analysis is consistent with previous studies as to the monophyly of subgenus Hylobates species, yet the relationship among subgenera remains slightly ambiguous. A striking result of the analysis is the phylogenetic location of Kloss's gibbon (H. klossii). Kloss's gibbon has been considered to be an initial off-shoot of the subgenus Hylobates because of its morphological primitiveness. However, our molecular data strongly suggest that Kloss's gibbon speciated most recently within the subgenus Hylobates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186548
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclobut-A and cyclobut-G: broad-spectrum antiviral agents with potential utility for the therapy of AIDS (1990)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 33 (1990), S. 1281-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00167a002
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large normal resistance and THz electromagnetic-wave response in YBaCuO step-edge microbridge Josephson junction (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 782-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A YBaCuO Josephson junction with a large normal resistance (R) was fabricated and characterized. The junction exhibited an extremely sharp transition on the current-voltage curve with R=10.8 Ω and IcR=1.8 mV at 15 K. The temperature dependence of critical current (Ic) of the junction was Ic∝(1−T/Tc), while another junction with a smaller R (0.57 Ω) showed a dependence of Ic∝(1−T/Tc)2. The difference can be explained by a picture of a grain boundary junction as a parallel array of superconductor-normal-superconductor and superconductor-insulator-superconductor elements. From the results of 110 GHz mixing experiments, it was shown that the present junction could be operative for electromagnetic waves over 2 THz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111012
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interleukin 10 inhibits inflammatory cells infiltration in endotoxin-induced uveitis (1996)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 234 (1996), S. 633-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract • Background: Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is a model for acute anterior uveitis associated with a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) down-regulates these inflammatory mediators. We report a study of the effect of systemic administration of IL-10 on the inflammatory parameters of EIU. • Methods: Uveitis was induced in C3H/HeN mice by subcutaneous injection of 200 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per mouse. Intraocular inflammation was assessed by leukocyte count and measurement of the protein concentration in the aqueous humor (AH). Mouse recombinant IL-10 at 1000 U or its vehicle alone were administered by three intravenous injections given 4.0 h and 0.5 h before and 8.0 h after LPS injection. • Results: The inflammatory cell infiltration in the eyes was significantly reduced in four of five experiments from 40% to 64% in the groups treated with IL-10 compared to the control groups (P〈0.05). In contrast, the level of protein exudation in the anterior chamber (AC) was not significantly affected by IL-10 treatment. • Conclusion: IL-10 reduces the cellular infiltration in the ocular inflammation produced by endotoxin. This result suggests potential usefulness for IL-10 in the treatment of severe anterior uveitis with a strong cellular component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185297
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of tumoricidal macrophages from bone marrow cells of normal mice or mice bearing a colony-stimulating-factor-producing tumor (1989)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 28 (1989), S. 116-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nonadherent cells of the bone marrow of C3H/HeN mice were incubated for 3 days with the culture supernatant of an L-929 cell line containing macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. Approximately, 70% of the cells became phagocytic, adherent to plastic dishes and positive for nonspecific esterase staining. The adherent cells exhibited a weak tumoricidal activity against MM48 syngeneic mammary carcinoma cells, and the cytotoxicity was strongly augmented by the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to the cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide was also shown to be mediated by Thy1.2− and asialo-GM1+ cells, and was abrogated by the addition of carrageenan. Macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-producing (D66) and nonproducing (A23) variants were separated from the MM48 tumor line in in vitro culture following limiting dilution. There was no difference between these two variants in either the in vitro growth rate or the susceptibility to macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. C3H/HeN mice inoculated i.p. with D66 survived longer than did those inoculated i.p. with A23. C3H/HeN mice bearing D66 or A23 as an ascitic form were given i.p. injections of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS). N-CWS significantly prolonged the survival period of mice bearing D66, whereas it exhibited no apparent antitumor effect on mice bearing A23. The increase in the cell number of D66 in the peritoneal cavity was significantly retarded, compared with that of A23. In contrast, the number of peritoneal macrophages increased more in D66-bearing mice than in A23-bearing mice. The increase in the peritoneal macrophage number was further augmented by an i.p. injection of N-CWS. Peritoneal macrophages of D66-bearing mice exhibited apparent tumoricidal activity against MM48 tumor cells in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, and the cytotoxicity was significantly augmented by i.p. injection of N-CWS. On the other hand, the responsiveness of peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide was found to be poor in A23-bearing mice and the tumoricidal activity was only weakly augmented by N-CWS. These results strongly suggest that M-CSF plays an important role not only in the maturation of macrophage progenitors but also in the induction and the accumulation of activated macrophages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two monoclonal antibodies against small-cell lung cancer show existence of synergism in binding (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 33 (1991), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibodies ; Small-cell lung cancer ; Synergy of mAb binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Murine IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ITK-2 and ITK-3, were generated against a small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a variety of established cell lines as substrates, immunoperoxidase staining of freshly frozen tissue sections, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes showed that these mAbs recognize a part of the SCLC-associated cluster 1 antigen. In immunoprecipitation studies, both ITK-2 and ITK-3 bound to a 145-kDa glycoprotein of SCLC cell membrane extracts, as did MOC-1 and NKH-1, which both recognize the cluster 1 antigen. However, because the binding of125I-labeled ITK-2 to SCLC cells was not inhibited by MOC-1 or NKH-1, the binding site of ITK-2 on SCLC cells appeared to be different from that of either MOC-1 or NKH-1. Unexpectedly, binding of125I-labeled ITK-2 to SCLC cells increased in the presence of ITK-3. This ITK-3-induced increase in ITK-2 binding was due partly to an increase in the number of binding sites for ITK-2 on SCLC cells. Addition of ITK-3 may, therefore, improve the effectiveness of ITK-2-based tumor detection or therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01756137
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of activated macrophages by intraperitoneal injection of mitomylin C in mice (1985)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 20 (1985), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The host cellular response to IP injection of mitomycin C was studied in C3H/HeN mice. As assessed by in vitro cytolysis assay using 125I-iododeoxyuridine-labelled tumour target cells, mitomycin C-induced peritoneal macrophages showed the maximum tumouricidal activity 4 days after the IP injection. The tumouricidal activity was dependent on the dose of mitomycin C injected and it was detectable against syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic tumour target cells. In addition, these tumouricidal macrophages were found to be augmented in functions of both incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells. Among the other anti-cancer drugs, which were used at a dose of three-fifths of LD50, only adriamycin (7.5 mg/kg) was capable of inducing activated macrophages as much as mitomycin C (3 mg/kg). Cyclophosphamide (225 mg/kg), methotrexate (60 mg/kg) and vincristin (1.5 mg/kg) were able to augment incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells, but not tumouricidal actvity. Differential cytolysis assay was performed for two cell lines of P 388 tumour target cells, the mitomycin C-sensitive original cell line and the mitomycin C-resistant subline, demonstrating no significant difference in macro-phage-mediated tumour cell lysis between these cell lines. Based on these results, it was concluded that mitomycin C, when injected IP induced activated macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. A better understanding of the effect of anti-cancer drugs on macrophage tumouricidal activity may be useful in designing more effective local chemotherapy for malignant peritoneal effusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00205681
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