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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of Endogenous Taurine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid from Brain Slices from the Adult and Developing Mouse (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 52 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The spontaneous and potassium-stimulated release of endogenous taurine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from cerebral cortex and cerebellum slices from adult and developing mice was studied in a superfusion system. The spontaneous release of GABA was of the same magnitude in slices from adult and developing mice, but the spontaneous release of taurine was considerably greater in the adults. The potassium-stimulated release of GABA from cerebral cortex slices was about five times greater in adult than in 3-day-old mice, but the potassium-stimulated release of taurine was more than six times greater in 3-day-old than in adult mice. In cerebellar slices from 7-day-old mice, potassium stimulation also evoked a massive release of taurine, whereas the evoked release from slices from adult mice was rather negligible. Also in cerebellar slices the potassium-stimulated release of GABA exhibited the opposite quantitative pattern. The stimulated release of both GABA and taurine was partially calcium dependent. The results suggest that taurine may be an important regulator of excitability in the developing brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb01842.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taurine and GABA release from mouse cerebral cortex slices: Effects of structural analogues and drugs (1987)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 12 (1987), S. 475-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Brain slices ; taurine ; GABA ; release ; structural analogues ; drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of structural analogues, excitatory amino acids and certain drugs on spontaneous and potassium-stimulated exogenous taurine and GABA release were investigated in mouse cerebral cortex slices using a superfusion system. Spontaneous efflux of both amino acids was rather slow but could be enhanced by their uptake inhibitors. Taurine efflux was facilitated by exogenous taurine, hypotaurine, β-alanine and GABA, whereas GABA, nipecotic acid and homotaurine effectively enhanced GABA release. The stimulatory potency of the analogues closely corresponded to their ability to inhibit taurine and GABA uptake, respectively, indicating that these efflux processes could be mediated by the carriers operating outwards. Glutamate induced GABA release, whereas taurine efflux was potentiated by aspartate, glutamate, cysteate, homocysteate and kainate. The centrally acting drugs, including GABA agonists and antagonists, as well as the proposed taurine antagonist TAG (6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide), had no marked effects on spontaneous taurine and GABA release. Potassium ions stimulated dosedependently both taurine and GABA release from the slices, the responses of taurine being strikingly slow but sustained. Exogenous GABA and nipecotic acid accelerated the potassium-stimulated GABA release, whereas picrotoxin and bicuculline were ineffective. The potassium-stimulated taurine release was unaltered or suppressed by exogenous taurine and analogues, differing in this respect from GABA release. The apparent magnitude of the depolarization-induced GABA release is thus influenced by the function of membrane transport sites, but the same conclusion cannot be drawn with regard to taurine. Haloperidol and imipramine were able to affect the evoked release of both taurine and GABA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00972301
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the brain by dipeptides (1988)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 1027-1034 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Neurotransmission ; GABA ; dipeptides ; chloride flux
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of endogenous and synthetic peptides containing GABA or its analogues on the GABA/benzodiazepine/chloride ionophore, complex, GABAB receptor, Cl fluxes, GABA release and GABA uptake were studied using synaptic membranes, crude synaptoneurosomal preparations and slices prepared from the rat and mouse brain. The sodium-independent binding of GABA was strongly inhibited by GABA-histidine, followed by γ-glutamyl-homotaurine, GABA-glycine and γ-glutamyl-GABA. The binding of diazepam was slightly enhanced by the same peptides. The peptides alone had no effect on the chloride fluxes, but GABA-histidine, γ-glutamyl-GABA and GABA-glycine enhanced while γ-glutamyl-homotaurine and GABA-taurine inhibited GABA-stimulated chloride uptake. GABA-histidine was the most effective displacer of baclofen binding, but γ-glutamyl-homotaurine was entirely ineffective. The uptake of GABA was markedly inhibited in synaptosomal preparations by GABA-histidine, while all other peptides were less effective. γ-Glutamyl-taurine attenuated but γ-glutamyl-homotaurine and GABA-glycine enhanced the potassium-stimulated release of GABA. The present actions of GABA-histidine in vitro may be of significance for GABAergic neurotransmission in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973146
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-affinity uptake of taurine and β-alanine in primary cultures of rat astrocytes (1986)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 11 (1986), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and specificity of taurine and β-alanine uptake were studied in primary cultures of rat astrocytes under identical experimental conditions. The uptake consisted of nonsaturable penetration and saturable high-affinity transport that was strictly sodium dependent. The cells accumulated taurine more effectively than β-alanine, both the affinity and uptake capacity being greater for taurine. Taurine uptake was competitively inhibited by β-alanine and GABA, the former being more potent. Also, hypotaurine and 2-guanidinoethanesulphonic acid strongly reduced taurine uptake, but L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid had no significant effect. β-Alanine uptake was also competitively inhibited by GABA, but the most potent inhibitors were hypotaurine and 2-guanidinoethanesulphonic acid.l-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid was moderately active. The uptake systems for taurine and β-alanine were thus in principle similar, and they exhibited certain characteristics typical for a neurotransmitter amino acid. The inhibition studies further suggest the existence of only one common transport system for taurine, β-alanine, and GABA in cultured primary astrocytes. The same uptake system may also be used for hypotaurine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00967969
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of aminooxyacetic acid on the release of preloaded [3H]GABA and radioactive metabolites from slices of developing mouse brain (1988)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 923-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: GABA ; brain slices ; release ; GABA aminotransferase ; GABA aminotransferase ; aminooxyacetic acid ; GABA metabolites ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The release of [3H]γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its radioactive metabolites from slices of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, striatum and brain stem of developing and adult mice was studied. The slices were incubated and superfused in the absence and presence of the GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T) inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). Exposure to 100 μM AOAA totally inhibited GABA-T and all radioactivity released from slices was in authentic GABA. In studies on developing brain the 10-μM concentration was also effective enough, except in cerebellar slices. In the absence of AOAA the major part of radioactivity spontaneously released from slices of adult cerebral cortex and cerebellum was tritiated water and still about one third part in the presence of 10 μM AOAA. Potassium stimulation induced only the release of radioactive GABA but not labeled metabolites in both presence and absence of AOAA. AOAA reduced the stimulation-induced release of GABA. It is recommended that the use of GABA-T inhibitors should be discontinued in release experiments. Then labeled GABA must be separated in the effluents from its radioactive breakdown products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00970763
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    l-Carnitine uptake by mouse brain synaptosomal preparations: Competitive inhibition by GABA (1988)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 317-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Carnitine ; GABA ; transport ; synaptosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The uptake ofl-carnitine was characterized in mouse brain synaptosomal preparations, with an emphasis on mutual interactions with GABA uptake systems. The uptake consisted of nonsaturable diffusion and one saturable energy- and sodium-dependent component. GABA,l-DABA and nipecotate were strong and hypotaurine and homotaurine moderate inhibitors of the uptake. The inhibition by GABA was shown to be competitive. GABA uptake contained two saturable transport components, high- and low-affinity. It was most strongly inhibited by nipecotate andl-DABA, but also by carnitine and hypotaurine. The high-affinity uptake of GABA was competitively inhibited by carnitine, but the inhibition of the low-affinity uptake of GABA was of the mixed type. The results suggest that GABA and carnitine share the same carrier system at synaptosomal membranes. However, GABA is the preferred substrate and the carnitine concentrations which significantly inhibited GABA uptake exceed the physiological carnitine levels in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00972480
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex by taurine in rat brain membranes (1986)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 11 (1986), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The interactions of taurine and its precursor hypotaurine with the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex were studied by investigating their effects on GABA and flunitrazepam binding in rat brain membranes. Taurine, and to a lesser degree also hypotaurine, displaced the high- and low-affinity GABA binding. The maximal binding capacities of both sites were decreased in the presence of taurine, while the binding constants remained the same, suggesting noncompetitive interactions. Taurine and hypotaurine affected flunitrazepam binding only at a very high concentration (50 mmol/l), whereas GABA (within the concentration range of 0.1–100 μmol/l) significantly enhanced the binding. Taurine inhibited the GABA-stimulated binding dose-dependently. These modulatory effects of taurine on the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex could result from interactions with the GABA recognition site but not from direct actions on the benzodiazepine site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965168
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of preloaded taurine and hypotaurine from astrocytes in primary culture: Stimulation by calcium-free media (1985)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 10 (1985), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous and stimulated release of taurine and hypotaurine from astrocytes in primary cultures were investigated. Spontaneous efflux was slow, less than one half of preloaded labeled taurine and hypotaurine still remaining in the cells after a 60-min efflux period. The release processes of both amino acids were in principle similar. No homo- or heteroexchange with extracellularly added taurine, hypotaurine or GABA could be detected, and depolarizing potassium concentrations failed to stimulate taurine or hypotaurine release. On the other hand, omission of calcium ions from medium increased efflux of taurine and hypotaurine about three- and twofold, respectively, in both high-K+ and normal-K+ media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964777
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypotaurine transport in brain slices (1981)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 6 (1981), S. 1179-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hypotaurine uptake was compared to taurine and GABA uptakes in brain slices under identical experimental conditions. The slices effectively concentrated both hypotaurine and GABA from the medium, whereas taurine was taken up more slowly. The uptakes of these three structurally related amino acids were all saturable, consisting of one low-and one high-affinity transport component. The kinetic parameters of hypotaurine uptake were of the same order of magnitude as those of GABA uptake. All uptake systems were sensitive to temperature, metabolic poisons, and sodium omission. Hypotaurine uptake was inhibited by GABA,l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (l-DABA), cysteic acid, and β-alanine, but not by taurine. Taurine uptake was strongly reduced by hypotaurine, β-alanine, andl-DABA, as well as by GABA, whereas GABA uptake was affected only by cystamine,l-DABA, and nipecotic acid. The uptake processes of hypotaurine, taurine, and GABA were thus fairly similar and showed properties characteristic for neurotransmitter uptake. Hypotaurine uptake resembled more GABA than taurine uptake. The present inhibition studies suggest that there may exist only one common two-component transport system for these three amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00966676
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cations on taurine, hypotaurine, and GABA uptake in mouse brain slices (1982)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 7 (1982), S. 1391-1401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cations on taurine, hypotaurine and GABA uptake were studied in mouse brain slices under identical experimental conditions. The uptakes were all strictly sodium-dependent. The omission or excess of K+ inhibited similarly taurine, hypotaurine and GABA uptake. The effects of omission of Ca2+ or Mg2+ were less pronounced. In both normal-sodium and low-sodium media all uptakes were saturable, consisting of both low-and high-affinity transport components. TheK m constants for both low-and high-affinity transport components of hypotaurine and GABA increased in low-sodium medium, suggesting that sodium ions are necessary for their attachment to possible carrier sites in plasma membranes. In the case of taurine, however, the translation rate rather than the affinity of carrier sites was affected in Na+-free media. More than two sodium ions may be involved in the transport of one hypotaurine and one GABA molecule, whereas the coupling ratio between sodium and taurine was at least three. In its cation dependence hypotaurine uptake thus resembled more GABA uptake than taurine uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00966068
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