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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mitochondriale Zytopathien ; Atmungskettendefekte ; Pyruvatdehydrogenasemangel ; Kofaktorsupplementation ; Therapie ; Key words Mitochondrial cytopathies ; Respiratory chain deficiency ; Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency ; Cofactor supplementation ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diagnostic tools for the studies of mitochondrial disorders of energy metabolism such as biochemical and molecular genetic techniques, have increased our knowledge on the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial cytopathies (MC) and have enabled new insights in the etiology and pathogenesis of these heterogeneous multisystem disorders. In contrast, the therapeutical influence on the usually progressive clinical courses are very limited. A causal therapy has to take into account that biochemical defects are heterogeneous (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate carboxylase, respiratory chain complexes), frequently show tissue-specific and/or time-depending expression and may occur in combination with each other. To this date the following therapeutical principals have been used: (1) decrease of the endogenic generation of toxic intermediates (by dietary measures); (2) increase of residual enzymatic activities (by enzyme cofactors or activators); (3) bridging the enzyme defects (by electron acceptors/donators); and (4) antioxidative and membrane-protective measures. This review presents the mechanisms of agents used so far, and discusses their therapeutical effectiveness according to the data from the literature and our experience with 26 patients suffering from different types of MC. It is shown that patients with pure myopathic manifestations of complex I deficiency as well as cardiomyopathy caused by carnitine depletion exhibit the greatest benefit from cofactor supplementation. The clinical course of patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome may be influenced by various therapeutical procedures. In patients with diseases showing a predominantly encephalopathic presentation (like Leigh syndrome), disturbed lactate/pyruvate metabolism tends to normalise under treatment. The therapeutical influence on the clinical course however, is at best limited to temporary improvement or delaying progression. Nevertheless, effects of any particular therapy can not be predicted easily in any individual at any stage of the disease. Thus, therapeutical trials are justified because of the low rate of side effects. Gene therapeutical strategies hopefully will offer more effective treatments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während enorme Fortschritte in der Aufklärung von Ätiologie und Pathogenese mitochondrialer Zytopathien (MC) erzielt wurden, sind die Möglichkeiten, die progredienten Multisystemerkrankungen therapeutisch zu beeinflussen, begrenzt. Eine kausalorientierte Therapie muß berücksichtigen, daß die biochemischen Defekte heterogen sind (Pyruvatdehydrogenase, Pyruvatarboxylase, Atmungskettenkomplexe), gewebespezifische und/oder zeitabhängige Expression zeigen und kombiniert auftreten können. Therapieprinzipien sind 1. Reduktion der endogenen Produktion von toxischen Metaboliten (durch diätetische Maßnahmen), 2. Erhöhung der enzymatischen Restaktivität (durch Kofaktoren bzw. Enzymaktivatoren), 3. Überbrückung von Enzymdefekten (durch Elektronenakzeptoren bzw. -donatoren) und 4. antioxidative und membranoprotektive Maßnahmen. Diese Übersicht stellt die Wirkmechanismen verschiedener Substanzen vor und diskutiert ihre therapeutischen Wirksamkeiten anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Erfahrungen bei 26 Patienten. Patienten mit myopathischen Verlaufsformen von Komplex I-Defekten, Kearns-Sayre- Syndrom und mit auf sekundärem Karnitinmangel beruhenden Kardiomyopathien profitieren am stärksten von Supplementationsmaßnahmen. Bei Patienten mit enzephalopathischen Manifestationsformen (z. B. Leigh-Syndrom) werden zwar häufig Normalisierungstendenzen des gestörten Laktat-Pyruvat-Stoffwechsels beobachtet, doch wird die klinische Symptomatik allenfalls vorübergehend gebessert oder die Progredienz gemildert. Im Einzelfall sind die therapeutischen Effekte nicht vorhersagbar, sodaß angesichts der geringen Nebenwirkungsraten Therapieversuche gerechtfertigt sind. Gentherapeutische Strategien lassen effektivere Behandlungsmaßnahmen erwarten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), an X-linked inherited metabolic disorder, is the most frequent inborn peroxisomal disease. It leads to demyelination in the central and peripheral nervous system. Defective β-oxidation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs; C22:0–C26:0) in peroxisomes has been shown to lead to an accumulation of VLCFAs in leukoid areas of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, adrenal gland, and blood. The ALD gene has been recently identified and encodes a 745-amino-acid protein. We screened patients with adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy (ALD/ AMN) from 20 kindreds for mutations in the ALD gene. Eleven missense and two nonsense mutations, five deletions, and one insertion were detected by direct sequencing of eight reverse transcribed fragments of the ALD-gene mRNA. Four mutations could be shown to be de novo. All mutations could be confirmed in carriers by sequencing genomic DNA. No correlation between the type of mutation and the severity of the phenotype could be observed. The mutations were not detected in the ALD gene of 30 healthy persons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words     X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy ; Adrenomyeloneuropathy ; Very long-chain fatty acids ; Therapy ; Peroxisomal disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      We have investigated the effect of glyceroltrioleate/glyceroltrierucate (GTO/GTE) therapy on X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy in 16 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (n = 6), adrenomyeloneuropathy (n = 3), Addison disease without neurological involvement (n = 2), and neurologically and endocrinologically asymptomatic patients (n = 5). Therapy was carried out for 19.4 ± 10 months. All patients showed a normalization of C 26:0 plasma fatty acid concentrations. None of the seven neurologically asymptomatic patients developed neurological symptoms. Somatosensory evoked potentials of the tibialis nerve was the most sensitive electrophysiological parameter, showing a slight improvement in neurologically asymptomatic patients during therapy. In none of the patients with normal cranial MRI at start of therapy (n = 6) has MRI deterioration been observed whilst on therapy. Follow up of the neurologically asymptomatic children supports the hypothesis that GTO/GTE therapy might prevent the development of neurological symptoms. Six of the nine neurologically symptomatic patients deteriorated to varying degrees whilst on therapy. MRI alterations have worsened in all patients with clinical deterioration. Conclusion     GTO/GTE treatment should be initiated in all neurological asymptomatic boys before first neurological symptoms develop. To discover these patients very long-chain fatty acid determination should be performed in all family members at risk when adrenoleukodystrophy or adrenomyeloneuropathy is diagnosed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase ; Respiratory chain ; Mitochondrial myopathies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe eight children with complex I deficiency, four of them with an isolated, the other four with an additional deficiency of complex IV. Clinical, chemical and morphological findings were compared from patients with isolated and combined deficiency. In both groups, the age of onset of symptoms was between the 1st day and the 4th month of life. Clinical and biochemical heterogeneity were observed. We found no correlation between residual activity of complex I in muscle, blood lactate level, and severity of clinical symptoms. Newborns presenting with severe lactic acidosis and children with later onset myopathy were seen in both groups. The group with combined complex I deficiency showed a more severe clinical course. By light microscopy ragged red fibres were only found in two patients with combined deficiency. However, by electron microscopy structural alterations of the mitochondria were observed in six out of seven muscle specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 833-833 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 833-833 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy ; Adrenomyeloneuropathy ; Very long-chain fatty acids Therapy ; Peroxisomal disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the effect of glyceroltrioleate/glyceroltrierucate (GTO/GTE) therapy on X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy in 16 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (n=6), adrenomyeloneuropathy (n=3), Addison disease without neurological involvement (n=2), and neurologically and endocrinologically asymptomatic patients (n=5). Therapy was carried out for 19.4±10 months. All patients showed a normalization of C 26:0 plasma fatty acid concentrations. None of the seven neurologically asymptomatic patients developed neurological symptoms. Somatosensory evoked potentials of the tibialis nerve was the most sensitive electrophysiological parameter, showing a slight improvement in neurologically asymptomatic patients during therapy. In none of the patients with normal cranial MRI at start of therapy (n=6) has MRI deterioration been observed whilst on therapy. Follow up of the neurologically asymptomatic children supports the hypothesis that GTO/GTE therapy might prevent the development of neurological symptoms. Six of the nine neurologically symptomatic patients deteriorated to varying degrees whilst on therapy. MRI alterations have worsened in all patients with clinical deterioration. Conclusion GTO/GTE treatment should be initiated in all neurological asymptomatic boys before first neurological symptoms develop. To discover these patients very long-chain fatty acid determination should be performed in all family members at risk when adrenoleukodystrophy or adrenomyeloneuropathy is diagnosed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; Respiratory chain ; Combined defects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In six patients with mitochondrial (encephalo-) myopathy investigations of skeletal muscle revealed a defect of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) in combination with one or more respiratory chain complex deficiencies. A combination of defects of this kind has not been reported previously. Five of the six patients presented within the 1st year of life and had a severe clinical course. Intrafamilial variability of the clinical course in dizygotic twins both suffering from a cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and one of them also from a PDHC deficiency suggests an additional effect of PDHC deficiency on the clinical symptoms. Immunoblot studies of PDHC in five of the patients revealed no abnormalities in their subunit pattern, rendering a defect of mitochondrial protein import or assembly unlikely. The finding of a combined PDHC and respiratory chain deficiency has implications for the diagnostic approach, for therapy and genetic counselling. The exact pathogenetic mechanism of this combination of defects remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), an X-linked inherited metabolic disorder, is the most frequent inborn peroxisomal disease. It leads to demyelination in the central and peripheral nervous system. Defective β-oxidation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs; C22:0–C26:0) in peroxisomes has been shown to lead to an accumulation of VLCFAs in leukoid areas of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, adrenal gland, and blood. The ALD gene has been recently identified and encodes a 745-amino-acid protein. We screened patients with adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy (ALD/AMN) from 20 kindreds for mutations in the ALD gene. Eleven missense and two nonsense mutations, five deletions, and one insertion were detected by direct sequencing of eight reverse transcribed fragments of the ALD-gene mRNA. Four mutations could be shown to be de novo. All mutations could be confirmed in carriers by sequencing genomic DNA. No correlation between the type of mutation and the severity of the phenotype could be observed. The mutations were not detected in the ALD gene of 30 healthy persons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Low platelet count and bleeding diathesis have been observed in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) treated with erucic acid (22:1)-rich triglycerides (‘Lorenzo's oil’). To investigate possible alterations of biophysical membrane properties, we measured platelet membrane anisotropy, which is inversely related to membrane fluidity, in 16 patients with and in 3 patients without treatment. In patients on treatment, platelet membrane anisotropy was significantly decreased. Additionally, we found increased platelet concentrations of 22:1 and compromised in vitro platelet aggregation response. The decrease of platelet membrane anisotropy is probably a main cause of bleeding diathesis. Long-term haematological side-effects must be considered in ALD patients treated with Lorenzo's oil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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