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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 327 (1971), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extravascular Resistance ; Enddiastolic Pressure ; Coronary Blood Flow ; Systolic Time ; Barbiturates ; Extravasaler Widerstand ; Enddiastolischer Druck ; Coronardurchblutung ; Systolenzeit ; Barbiturate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Experimenten an narkotisierten Hunden wurde durch i.v. Injektionen eines Barbiturates bei gleichzeitigen Bluttransfusionen, die den arteriellen Blutdruck konstant hielten, der enddiastolische Druck im linken Ventrikel erhöht. Die Herzen wurden nach Ausschalten des Sinusknotens über das rechte Herzohr elektrisch mit 150 Impulsen in der Minute stimuliert. Die metabolische Komponente des Einflußwiderstandes wurde durch eine pharmakologische, maximale Dilatation der Coronargefäße konstant gehalten. Die Coronardurchblutung bei maximaler pharmakologischer Dilatation sinkt mit steigendem end-diastolischen Druck ab. Die extravasale Komponente des Einflußwiderstandes steigt mit zunehmendem enddiastolischen Druck während der Systole, der Diastole und des Gesamtcyclus an. Die Systolendauer nimmt mit steigendem enddiastolischen Druck zu.
    Notes: Summary In experiments on anaesthetized dogs the enddiastolic pressure was gradually raised by intravenous application of a barbiturate and simultaneous arterial blood transfusion, which kept the arterial blood pressure constant. After elimination of the sinus node the heart rate was kept constant at 150 beats per minute by electrical stimulation of the right auricle. The metabolically regulated component of coronary resistance was kept constant by a maximal pharmacological dilatation. The coronary blood flow decreases with increasing enddiastolic pressure. The extravascular component of the inflow resistance increases with increasing enddistaolic pressure during systole, diastole, and the whole cycle. The duration of systole becomes longer with increasing diastolic pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 328 (1971), S. 170-175 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Coronary Blood Flow ; Carbonic Acid Concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 9 dogs the heart rate was kept constant by electrical stimulation of the right auricle after elimination of the sinus node. Hypercapnia was induced by increasing inspiratory carbonic acid concentration at constant oxygen concentration. The mean arterial carbonic acid partial pressure increased from 40.5 to 70.5 mm Hg. The mean pH decreased from 7.30–7.14. Under these conditions the coronary flow did not change. Systolic and diastolic aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, and the maximal rate of pressure rise in the left ventricle remained unchanged. Alterations of coronary blood flow caused by increased carbonic acid concentrations as described by other authors can be explained by a change of hemodynamic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 323 (1971), S. 241-249 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Coronary Blood Flow ; Extravascular Resistance ; Heart Rate ; Systolic Time ; Coronardurchblutung ; extravasaler Widerstand ; Herzfrequenz ; Systolenzeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei elektrischer Reizung des Herzens (rechtes Herzohr) nach Ausschaltung des Sinusknotens finden sich in dem untersuchten Frequenzbereich von 60–220 Schlägen in der Minute normale Systolen- und Diastolenzeiten. Wird durch eine maximale pharmakologische Coronardilatation die intravasale Komponente des Coronarwiderstandes konstant gehalten, so läßt sich mit steigender Frequenz in allen Experimenten eine Zunahme der extravasalen Komponente des Coronarwiderstandes nachweisen. Diese Zunahme wird durch die relative Zunahme der Systolenzeit auf Kosten der Diastolenzeit hervorgerufen. Die Zunahme der extravasalen Komponente der Coronarwiderstandes ist relativ gering, weil eine Abnahme des systolischen Einstromwiderstandes die Wirkung der Systolenverlängerung vermindert. Die extravasale Komponente des diastolischen Einstromwiderstandes ist frequenzunabhängig.
    Notes: Summary When the heart is stimulated artificially by way of the right auricle after elimination of the sinus node, systolic and diastolic times are normal in the studied range of 60–220 beats per minute. When the intravascular component of coronary resistance is kept constant by way of a pharmacological maximal dilatation, an increase of extravascular resistance can be observed in all experiments with increased heart rate. This increase is caused by the relative increase of systolic time and the decrease of diastolic time. The increase of resistance is relatively small, because the decrease of systolic inflow resistance counterbalances the effect of lengthening of systole. The extravascular component of diastolic inflow resistance is independent of heart rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Coronary Blood Flow ; Extravascular Resistance ; dp/dt max ; Systolic Time ; Isoproterenol ; Coronardurchblutung ; extravasaler Widerstand ; dp/dt max ; Systolenzeit ; Isoproterenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Experimenten an narkotisierten Hunden wurde durch intracoronare Isoproterenolinfusionen die maximale Druckanstiegsgeschwindigkeit im linken Ventrikel (dp/dt max) vergrößert. Dabei wurde nach Ausschaltung des Sinusknotens die Herzfrequenz durch elektrische Reizung des rechten Herzohres konstant gehalten. Die intravasale (metabolisch regulierte) Komponente des Einflußwiderstandes wurde durch eine maximale pharmakologische Dilatation konstant gehalten. Die extravasale Komponente des Einflußwiderstandes steigt mit zunehmendemdp/dt max an, und zwar während der Systole. Der diastolische Einflußwiderstand bleibt konstant. Da gleichzeitig die Diastole auf Kosten der Systole länger wird, ist der Widerstandsanstieg während des ganzen Herzcyclus relativ gering.
    Notes: Summary In experiments on anaesthetized dogs the maximal rate of intraventricular pressure rise (dp/dt max) was enhanced by intracoronary infusions of isoproterenol. Heart rate was kept constant by electrical stimulation of the auricle afterelimination of the sinus node. The intravascular component (metabolically regulated) of coronary resistance was kept constant by a maximal pharmacological dilatation. The extravascular component of the inflow resistance increases with increasingdp/dt max but only during systole. The diastolic resistance remains unchanged. Since in addition the systole becomes shorter and the diastole longer, the rise of resistance during the whole cycle is relatively small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Coronary Blood Flow ; Ca-Antagonism ; Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow ; Coronary Dilators ; Nitroglycerin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of coronary dilatators were studied in isolated, isovolumetrically beating guinea pig hearts at different Ca++-concentrations of the perfusion fluid. In all experiments hypoxic dilatation of the vessels was absent because the coronary venous partial pressure of oxygen was higher than 50 mm Hg. The coronary dilatation caused by six of the investigated substances—Nifedipine, Prenylamin, Verapamil, Lidoflazin, Dipyridamol and Hexobendin—could be suppressed by increasing of the Ca++-concentration of the perfusion fluid. Therefore the mechanism of action on the smooth muscles of the coronary vessels has to be explained by a calcium antagonistic effect of these substances. The contractility of the myocardium is influenced in different ways. Nifedipine, Verapamil and Prenylamin show negative inotropic effects, which are also compensated by increasing the Ca++-concentration. In contrast Hexobendin, Lidoflazin and Dipyridamol show no negative or even a small positive inotropic effect. The effects of nitroglycerine and carbochromen are not affected by changes of the extracellular Ca++-concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Coronarer Perfusionsdruck ; Kontraktilität des Herzens ; myokardialer Sauerstoffverbrauch ; „Gartenschlaucheffekt“ ; Coronary Perfusion Pressure ; Contractility of the Heart ; Myocardial Oxygen Consumption ; “Garden-hose-effect”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of increasing perfusion pressure in the coronary arteries on cardiac contractility and oxygen consumption was studied in isovolumetrically working, empty beating, and potassium arrested guinea-pig hearts. Raising the coronary perfusion pressure from 60 to 80 cm H2O increased left ventricular peak systolic pressure by 19.4±2.8%, coronary flow by 47.7±8.0% and oxygen consumption by 32.7±6.2% (N=17). At a constant perfusion pressure hypoxia increased the coronary flow by 111.8±16.4% (N=19), but did not alter the contractility of the heart or its oxygen consumption. Increasing pressure without changing flow, raised pressure in the left ventricle by 26.5±4.8% and myocardial oxygen consumption by 20.3±3.4% (N=14). The end-diastolic pressure and the heart rate remained unchanged in all experiments. From these findings it may be concluded that the pressure in the coronary vessels — independent of the flow rate — exercises a positive inotropic effect, thereby increasing metabolism. This can be explained by increased fibre tension, caused by an extension of the coronary vessels, the so-called “garden-hose-effect”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An isovolumetrisch arbeitenden, an leerschlagenden und an stillgestellten Meerschweinchenherzen wurde der Einfluß eines gesteigerten Perfusionsdruckes in den Coronargefäßen auf die Kontraktionskraft des Herzens und den O2-Verbrauch untersucht. Eine Steigerung des coronaren Perfusionsdruckes von 60 auf 80 cm H2O bewirkte eine Zunahme des systolischen Druckes im linken Ventrikel um 19,4±2,8%, des Coronardurchflusses um 47,7±8,0% sowie des Sauerstoffverbrauches um 32,7±6,2% (N=17). Eine Steigerung des Coronardurchflusses um 111,8±16,4% (N=19) bei konstantem Perfusionsdruck, hervorgerufen durch eine dosierte Hypoxie, hatte keine Veränderungen der Kontraktionskraft des Herzens oder des Sauerstoffverbrauches zur Folge. Eine Steigerung des Perfusionsdruckes ohne Änderung des Durchflusses, ermöglicht durch die Verwendung einer viscöseren Perfusionsflüssigkeit, bewirkte einen Anstieg des Druckes im linken Ventrikel um 26,5±4,8% und eine Zunahme des myokardialen Sauerstoffverbrauches um 20,3±3,4% (N=14). In allen Versuchen blieben enddiastolischer Druck und Herzfrequenz unverändert. Aus diesen Befunden kann geschlossen werden, daß der Druck in den Coronargefäßen — unabhängig von der Größe des Durchflusses — einen positiv-inotropen und dadurch stoffwechselsteigernden Effekt ausübt. Dieses wird über eine vermehrte Faserspannung erklärt, die durch eine als „Gartenschlaucheffekt“ bezeichnete Streckung der Coronargefäße infolge des erhöhten Perfusionsdruckes zustande kommen könnte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 333 (1972), S. 352-361 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extravascular Resistance ; Extravascular Support ; Intraventricular Pressure ; Coronary Blood Flow ; Systolic Time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In experiments on anaesthetized dogs the arterial blood pressure and the left ventricular pressure were enhanced by intraarterial blood transfusion. The circumflex branch of the left coronary artery was perfused by constant blood pressure at 65, 100 or 200 mm Hg. After elimination of the sinus node the heart rate was kept constant at 150 beats per minute by electrical stimulation of the right auricle. The metabolically regulated component of coronary resistance of the circumflex branch was kept constant by a maximal pharmacological dilatation. On this condition the coronary blood flow decreases with increasing left intraventricular systolic pressure. The coronary resistance increases. The increasing coronary resistance with increasing intraventricular blood pressure is caused by an enhancement of the extravascular component because the perfusion pressure and hematocrit were constant, and the coronary vessel maximal dilated. The rise of coronary resistance with increasing intraventricular blood pressure depends on the height of perfusion pressure. Low perfusion pressure is combined with a marked increase, while the increase is small in the experiments with high perfusion pressure. The pathophysiological significance of the results has been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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