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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 33 (1992), S. 6115-6118 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Keywords: Amino acid esters of cabohydrates ; activation by compilation peptide synthesis.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 33 (1992), S. 1969-1972 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Keywords: anomeric S"N2 reaction ; cesium carboxylates ; β-1-O-acyl carbohydrates
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 160 (1973), S. 317-320 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Sympathetic activity ; Myocardial ischemia ; Sympathicusaktivität ; Myokardischämie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während Okklusion des R. circumflexus der linken Coronararterie treten beim Kaninchen gegensinnige Änderungen der regionalen Sympathicusaktivität auf: Die Entladungen im N. splanchnicus nehmen zu, die Aktivität in einem Sympathicusast zum Ohr nimmt ab. Der arterielle Blutdruck fällt ebenfalls ab.
    Notes: Summary Occlusion of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in rabbits induces a differential response of regional sympathetic activity. The discharges of the splanchnic nerve are increased, and the discharges of a sympathetic nerve twig to the ear are inhibited. This pattern of sympathetic response is accompanied by a fall in arterial blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 24 (1968), S. 694-695 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An wachen Hunden wurden kombinierte thermische Reizungen von Rückenmark und Hypothalamus bei verschiedenen Lufttemperaturen durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen führten zu dem Ergebnis, dass die thermischen Afferenzen aus Rückenmark, Hypothalamus und Haut in einem gemeinsamen Zentrum zu einer koordinierten effektorischen Leistung des temperaturregulierenden Systems verarbeitet werden. Die Funktion der hypothalamischen und der spinalen thermosensiblen Strukturen erwies sich dabei als völlig gleichartig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 323 (1983), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine vascular receptors ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of intravenous infusion of dopamine (10 and 25 μg·kg−1·min−1 consecutively) on visceral blood flow distribution was examined in anesthetized cats using the microsphere technique and electromagnetic flowmetry. Arterial blood pressure did not change in response to dopamine infusion, but blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery, and blood flow in the mucosa-submucosa of the gastric antrum and various gut segments increased significantly. During infusion of the high dose the increase was most marked in the mucosa-submucosa of the antrum (+355%) and distal colon (+371%). By contrast, blood flow decreased in the muscularis-serosa of the gut segments investigated, in the spleen, pancreas, and the hepatic arterial bed. The increase in blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery was blocked by the dopamine antagonist bulbocapnine (10 mg/kg i.v.). The results suggest that the receptors mediating the dopamine-induced vasodilation in the gastrointestinal tract are located in the resistance vessels of the mucosa-submucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 50 (1982), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cholinesterase inhibitors ; Paraoxon ; Atropine ; Regional blood flow ; Regional sympathetic activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In anesthetized and artificially ventilated rabbits an intravenous infusion of paraoxon (0.8 mg/kg) was given over 30 min. The effects on cardiac output, blood flow to various vascular beds, and on the mass discharge of the postganglionic sympathetic efferents to the spleen and kidney were monitored. Immediately following paraoxon infusion atropine (0.5 mg/kg) was injected intravenously. Within 20 min of commencing the infusion signs of increased cholinergic stimulation were observed. Between the 20th and 25th min mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output fell markedly. Even before arterial blood pressure fell total peripheral resistance and regional resistance to flow through the subclavian and coeliac arteries increased significantly, whereas resistance to flow through the superior mesenteric and renal arteries decreased transiently. Towards the end of the infusion period total peripheral resistance was below control, increased regional resistance being found only in the vascular beds of the subclavian and splenic arteries. The activity in the splenic sympathetic efferents increased, while the activity in the renal efferents was sharply reduced. While an effective antidote, atropine elicited transient intestinal vasodilation and a further transient decrease in total peripheral resistance. These and other results suggest that muscarinic mechanisms are mainly responsible for the paraoxon-induced changes in regional blood flow and regional sympathetic activity. The vasodilatory effect of atropine in the intestine was probably due to a local autoregulatory mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 41 (1978), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cholinesterase inhibitors ; Paraoxon ; Atropine ; Regional sympathetic ganglia ; Synaptic transmission ; Toxic shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An narkotisierten Kaninchen wurde die Wirkung von 0,4 oder 0,8 mg Paraoxon/kg i.v. auf Kreislaufwerte und prä- und postganglionäre Sympathikusaktivität verschiedener Körpergebiete untersucht. Die Aktivität in präganglionären Sympathikusefferenzen nahm bei beiden Dosierungen langsam zu, während in den postganglionären Efferenzen teilweise gegensinnige Aktivitätsänderungen auftraten. Gleichzeitig mit einem flüchtigen initialen Blutdruckanstieg wurde eine vorübergehende Aktivitätszunahme in Sympathikusefferenzen zur Skelettmuskulatur und zum Intestinum beobachtet, die auf Spontanentladungen in den regionalen Ganglien zurückgeführt wird. Nach Injektion von 0,4 mg/kg kam es gelegentlich zu einer zweiten pressorischen Reaktion, die durch Zunahme der präganglionären Aktivität bei erleichterter Erregungsübertragung in bestimmten Sympathikusganglien bedingt war. Nach Injektion der höheren Dosis wurde postganglionär überwiegend eine Aktivitätsabnahme beobachtet; nur die Entladungen gastrointestinaler Sympathikusefferenzen nahmen noch zu. Arterieller Blutdruck, Herzminutenvolumen und peripherer Gesamtwiderstand fielen stark ab. Es trat ein Schocksyndrom auf, das sich durch rechtzeitige Atropininjektion beherrschen ließ. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, daß Paraoxon in höherer Dosis die Erregungsübertragung in den paravertebralen Grenzstrangganglien blockierte und die synaptische Übertragung in den prävertebralen Abdominalganglien erleichterte.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 0.4 or 0.8 mg paraoxon/kg i.v. on circulation and regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity were studied in anaesthetized rabbits. At both doses, the discharges of the preganglionic efferents increased slowly, whereas the changes in activity of postganglionic efferents differed. Concomitantly with a transient initial rise in blood pressure a temporary increase of discharges to the skeletal muscles and to the intestine was observed which is attributed to spontaneous firing of the regional ganglionic cells. After injection of 0.4 mg/kg there occasionally occurred a second pressor reaction conditioned by enhancement of preganglionic activity and facilitated transmission in certain sympathetic ganglia. After injection of the higher dose, postganglionic activity generally decreased except for the discharges of gastrointestinal efferents, which increased. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance fell markedly. A shock syndrome occurred which could be controlled by atropine injection if timely. From the results it was concluded that the higher dose of paraoxon blocked synaptic transmission in the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and facilitated impulse transmission in the prevertebral abdominal ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Temperature Regulation ; Blood Flow Distribution ; Vasomotor System ; Temperaturregulation ; regionale Durchblutung ; vasomotorisches System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood flow in arteries mainly supplying cutaneous, muscular or intestinal vascular regions and aortic blood flow were measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter in anesthetized dogs immobilized with succinyl choline. Up to 3 flows were recorded simultaneously with mean arterial pressure during thermal stimulation of the spinal cord at constant, neutral ambient air temperatures. In conformity with earlier observations, skin blood flow increased during moderate and strong spinal cord heating and was reduced during spinal cord cooling. Conversely, intestinal blood flow decreased during heating in all experiments and increased during cooling in 5 out of 10 experimental animals. Aortic blood flow and muscle blood flow did not change substantially during either heating or cooling. Arterial pressure showed a moderate rise during strong heating, but was not influenced by cooling and moderate heating. The changes of blood flow distribution observed in the experiments are in keeping with results obtained under external thermal stimulation. It is assumed that the antagonistic changes of blood flow in the cutaneous and intestinal vascular beds were induced by antagonistic changes of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 312 (1980), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Diuresis ; Renal blood flow ; Sympathetic activity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of intravenous (i.v.) and intraarterial (i.a.) injection and infusion of dopamine (DA) on renal hemodynamics, regional sympathetic activity and kidney function were investigated in anaesthetized cats. In response to the i.v. bolus injection of DA (25 μg/kg), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was increased by 19.7%, renal blood flow (RBF) by 16.6%, and regional sympathetic discharges were inhibited. The principal effect of i.a. bolus injection of DA into the renal artery was vasoconstriction. Vasodilation was observed neither after lower doses of DA nor after pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. During continuous i.v. infusion of 10 μg DA kg−1 min−1 MABP, RBF, renal sympathetic discharges and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) did not change, whereas urine volume was increased by 120.5%, sodium excretion by 99.7%, chloride excretion by 143.2%, and potassium excretion by 31.9%. Urine osmolality was decreased and osmolal clearance increased. Raising the DA dose to 25 μg kg−1 min−1 resulted in a fall of GFR, but the diuretic response was not significantly different from that of the low dose. Bulbocapnine (6 mg/kg i.v.) antagonized the DA-induced diuresis. In conclusion, the diuretic effect of DA in the cat is not dependent on a change in RBF, GFR or renal sympathetic activity. This suggests that a tubular site of action is primarily responsible for DA diuresis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hunde wurden mit Pentobarbital narkotisiert, mit Succinylcholin relaxiert und künstlich beatmet. Beide Carotissinus wurden denerviert und die Nn. vagi durchschnitten. Die Durchblutung eines Haut- und eines Intestinalgefäßes, das Herzzeitvolumen, die Herzfrequenz und der arterielle Druck wurden vor, während und nach isolierter Wärmung oder Kühlung des Rückenmarks bestimmt. Kühlungen und Wärmungen wurden weiter nach zusätzlicher Ausschaltung des Herzsympathikus durch Ganglienexstirpation oder β-Rezeptor-Blockade durchgeführt. Die Kreislaufreaktionen auf die spinalen Temperaturreize wurden mit denen intakter Tiere verglichen, wie sie in früheren Untersuchungen ermittelt worden waren. Auch nach Barorezeptor-Denervierung und Vagotomie führten Wärmung und Kühlung des Rückenmarks zu den typischen thermoregulatorischen Änderungen der Hautdurchblutung, doch konnte der arterielle Druck nicht, wie bei intakten Hunden, konstant gehalten werden. Das Muster der differenzierten Kreislaufreaktion bei Rückenmarkswärmung bestand in einer Vasodilatation der Haut, einer Vasokonstriktion im Darm und in einer Zunahme von Herzfrequenz und Herzzeitvolumen infolge Aktivierung des Herzsympathikus. Diese Kreislaufantwort war weitgehend identisch mit der eines intakten Tieres. Bei Rückenmarkskühlung bestand das Muster der Kreislaufreaktion in einer Vasokonstriktion in der Haut und im Darm sowie in einer unveränderten oder reduzierten Aktivität der sympathischen Antriebe des Herzens. Dieses Reaktionsmuster unterschied sich deutlich von dem intakter Tiere, doch zeigte das unterschiedliche Verhalten der sympathischen Innervation des Herzens und der Gefäße, daß im Prinzip noch eine qualitative vasomotorische Differenzierung bestand. Die Befunde führen zu dem Schluß, daß die Signale der arteriellen Barorezeptoren am Zustandekommen regional antagonistischer vasomotorischer Reaktionen nicht entscheidend beteiligt sind. Damit werden entsprechende Annahmen bestätigt, die aus Versuchen an Tieren mit intakter reflektorischer Blutdruckregulation abgeleitet worden sind. Die Barorezeptoren tragen jedoch wesentlich zur Kreislaufstabilität bei thermischer Reizung des Rückenmarks bei.
    Notes: Summary Dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, relaxed with succinyl choline and were kept under artificial ventilation. Both carotid bifurcations were denervated and the Vagus nerves were cut in the neck. Regional blood flow in the skin and the intestine, cardiac output, heart rate and arterial pressure were determined before, during and after spinal cord heating and cooling. Further experiments were performed in which, in addition, sympathetic effects on the heart were excluded by exstirpation of the caudal cervical and stellate ganglia or by β-receptor blockade. The cardiovascular responses were compared with those obtained in a preceding investigation from dogs with intact baroreceptors and vagus nerves. As in intact dogs, appropriate thermoregulatory adjustments of skin blood flow were induced by thermal stimulation of the spinal cord after baroreceptor denervation and vagotomy. However, blood pressure homeostasis was lost. The pattern of cardiovascular adjustments during heating consisted in cutaneous vasodilatation intestinal vasoconstriction and, due to sympathetic activation an increase of heart rate and cardiac output. This pattern was qualitatively identical with that in intact animals. During spinal cord cooling the cardiovascular response pattern consisted in cutaneous vasoconstriction, intestinal vasoconstriction and, depending on cooling intensity, a reduced or unchanged sympathetic influence on the heart. This pattern differed considerably from that in intact animals but basic features were still present as indicated by opposite changes of cardiac and vascular sympathetic tone during cooling. It is concluded that the baroreceptor signals play no primary role in the generation of differential vasomotor responses under the present experimental conditions. This confirms assumptions made on the basis of observations in animals with intact baroreceptor input. However, baroreceptor signals contribute significantly to blood pressure homeostasis which is normally maintained during spinal thermal stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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