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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 31 (1986), S. 265-296 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Drugs that inhibit gastric acid secretion heal duodenal ulcers at a rate that correlates with the ability of individual treatment regimens to decrease 24-h intragastric acidity. As current therapeutic regimens of ranitidine decrease 24-h intragastric acidity submaximally, higher dosages may expedite duodenal ulcer healing. To test this hypothesis a randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 245 patients with duodenal ulcer to compare the effects of standard dose (300 mg nocte) and highdose (300 mg q.d.s.) ranitidine. Patients were assessed after 2 weeks of treatment and, if unhealed, after a further 2 weeks of therapy. The therapeutic gain in ulcer healing at the 2-week endoscopy of the higher dose over the lower dose of ranitidine was 22% (68%vs 46%, P 〈 0.001). The cumulative ulcer healing rates at the 4-week endoscopy were 88% and 92% for the standard and high-dose ranitidine groups, respectively (N.S.). By 2 weeks, 61% of patients treated with standard ranitidine therapy and 79% of those receiving 300 mg ranitidine q.d.s. were pain-free (P 〈 0.01). A further 2 weeks of therapy enabled 88% and 97% of patients (N.S.) to become pain-free on these two regimens, respectively. The drug regimens were equally well tolerated. Thus higher-dose ranitidine can significantly accelerate the healing of duodenal ulcer with improvement in pain relief.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1988), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacillus sphaericus ; Bacillus thuringiensis varisraelensis ; Anopheles ; Culex ; Psorophora columbiae ; Microbial control ; Formulation ; Persistence of larvicidal activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Four experimental formulations ofBacillus sphaericus Neide (2362 isolate) were evaluated for larvicidal activity against culicine and anopheline larvae in several natural and artificial habitats. A granular formulation (5% primary powder) was tested against natural populations of mosquitoes in two simulated habitats in Florida and in maturing and reflooded rice fields in Louisiana. Larvae ofCulex quinquefasciatus Say were reduced by 97 and 99% after application of the granules at the rate of 10 kg/ha to polluted tanks and 2.5 kg/ha to sod-lined potholes, respectively. Anopheline andPsorophora columbiae (Dyar and Knab) larvae were reduced by 68 and 92–100%, respectively, after application of 5 kg granules/ha to rice fields. A flowable concentrate (12.8% primary powder) applied to unpolluted and organically enriched habitats in Florida at 0.25 kg/ha reduced populations ofCulex spp. by 93–100% and 99%, respectively. Sustained-release briquets (5% primary powder) applied at the rate of one half briquet/1.8 m2 sod-lined potholes reduced larval populations ofCx. quinquefasciatus by 88–95% for up to 2 weeks in open sunlight. Sustained-release pellets (30% primary powder) applied to small woodland pools in Memphis, TN at the rate of four pellets/pool virtually eliminated larval populations ofCx. restuans Theobald for over 8 days. Variable persistance of larvicidal activity was noted for the other treatments depending on the formulation, target species and habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; blastospores ; conidia ; germination ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; radial growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Selected allelochemicals that protect plants from invasion by plant pathogenic fungi were investigated for their activity against the entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. The alkaloids tomatine, solanine, and camptothecin; the furanocoumarin, xanthotoxin; and the phenolic, tannic acid were tested for their effects on germination of conidia and blastospores and growth of mycelia. The LC50 values (corresponding to 50% inhibition of germination) for tomatine, solanine, camptothecin, xanthotoxin and tannic acid were 51.6, 95.9, 55.9, 83.0 and 72.8 mg/l respectively. When blastospores were placed on media containing a concentration of the individual allelochemicals that inhibit germination in approximately 50% of conidia, all but blastospores on tomatine had significantly less germination than did aerial conidia. Growth rates of mycelia were slowest in the camptothecin medium, followed by those of tomatine and xanthotoxin and were not significantly different from controls in the media containing solanine and tannic acid. A multitude of biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for specificity and degree of pathogenicity of entomopathogens. The effect of crop plant chemistry on the efficacy of entomopathogens should be quantified further in order to maximize their potential when used concomitantly with resistant plant varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; Metarhizium anisopliae ; Metarhizium flavoviride ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; sunlight effects ; UV-B tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of simulated sunlight on survival of conidia of 4 species of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes was investigated. Conidia from 65 isolates ofBeauveria bassiana, 23 ofMetarhizium anisopliae, 14 ofMetarhizium flavoviride and 33 isolates ofPaecilomyces fumosoroseus were irradiated by artificial sunlight (295 to 1,100 nm at an ultraviolet-B irradiance of 0.3 W m−2) for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Survival was estimated by comparing the number of colony forming units (CFU) produced by conidia exposed to irradiation to the number of CFUs produced by an unexposed control. Survival decreased with increased exposure to simulated sunlight; exposure for 2 h or more was detrimental to all isolates tested. Overall, isolates ofM. flavoviride were the most resistant to irradiation followed byB. bassiana andM. anisopliae. Conidia ofP. fumosoroseus were most susceptible. In addition to the large interspecies differences in susceptibility to irradiation, there was also an intraspecies variation indicating that strain selection to irradiation tolerance may be important in the development of microbial control agents where increased persistence in an insolated environment is desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Iridovirus ; Scarabaeidae ; Azores ; larval infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La présence très faible (〈0.01%) d'un iridovirus bleu a été détectée dans les larves du ScarabéidePopillia japonica Newman, qui ont été prélevées au cours d'une période de deux années sur l'île de Terceira (Açores, Portugal). Chez les larves les plus fortement infestées, une iridescence d'un bleu profond était observée, particulièrement dans le corps gras. La microscopie électronique à transmission a permis de déceler les alignements cristallins caractéristiques formés par les particules hexagonales du virus dans le cytoplasme des cellules du corps gras, des trachées, des muscles, de l'hypoderme et des cellules sanguines. Les cristaux des particules de virus ont aussi été observés circulant librement dans l'hémolymphe. Le diamètre moyen des virus purifiés en coloration négative était de 157 nm. Les ressemblances et les différences avec d'autres iridovirus trouvés chez les Scarabaéidés sont discutées. Si l'on considère la vaste gamme d'hôtes de certains iridovirus, l'invasion relativement récente de Terceira parP. japonica, et la rareté du virus chez cet insecte, il est probable que l'infection résulte de la transmission à partir d'une autre espèce d'arthropodes vivant dans le sol. Son intérêt en tant qu'agent potentiel de lutte biologique contreP. japonica semble négligeable.
    Notes: Abstract A very low incidence (〈0.01%) of a blue iridovirus (IV) was found in larvae of the Japanese beetle,Popillia japonica Newman, that were sampled over a two year period on Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal). In the most heavily infected larvae, a deep blue iridescence was observed, particularly in the fat body. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the characteristic crystalline arrays of the hexagonal virus particles in the cytoplasm of fat body cells, tracheal matrix, muscle, hypodermis and blood cells. Crystals of the virus particles were also observed freely circulating in the hemolymph. The average diameter of negatively stained purified virus particles was 157 nm. Similarities and differences with other IVs found in the Scarabaeidae are discussed. Considering the broad host range of some of the iridescent viruses, the relatively recent invasion of Terceira byP. japonica, and the rarity of the virus in the beetle, it is probable that the infection was the result of transmission from another species of soil-inhabiting arthropod. Its value as a potential biological control agent ofP. japonica is negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Bemisia tabaci ; Crete ; natural enemies ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) a été signalé pour la première fois en Crète en 1992. L'aleurode est confiné au sud-est de l'île.Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) est l'aleurode prédominant au nord et à l'ouest de l'île. Trois prospections pour les ennemis naturels deB. tabaci ont été faites en Crète en 1992 et 1993. Ces prospections ont eu pour résultat la collecte de 4 espèces d'Encarsia, unEretmocerus sp. et un champignon pathogène,Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm Ex X. F. Gray) Brown & Smith.B. tabaci etT. vaporariorum ont été trouvés sur les cultures maraîchères, plantes ornementales et mauvaises herbes. Partout dans l'île, les populations des deux espèces ont été sévèrement réduites sur les plantes hôtes à l'extérieur pendant l'hiver 1992/93. Les contraintes climatiques, la concurrence avecT. vaporariorum pour les niches, et des ennemis naturels efficaces, peuvent expliquer la dispersion limitée deB. tabaci en Crète.
    Notes: Abstract The non «B» biotype ofBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is recorded for the first time in Crete in 1992, in the north east and south east of the island.Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) is the predominant whitefly on plants in the north and west of the island. Three surveys of Crete were made in 1992 and 1993 for natural enemies ofB. tabaci andT. vaporariorum and resulted in the collection of 4 species ofEncarsia, (plus a number of species that are unidentifiable at this time), anEretmocerus sp. (unidentifiable at this time) and a fungal pathogen,Paecilomyces farinosus (Dickson Ex Fries) Brown & Smith.Encarsia adrianae was identified fromT. vaporariorum; which constitutes its most westerly distribution point and a new host record respectively.B. tabaci andT. vaporariorum were found on horticultural crops, ornamentals and weeds. Populations of both whitefly species were severely depleted on field hosts throughout the island during the winter of 1992/93. Climatic constraints, competition withT. vaporariorum in otherwise suitable niches, effective natural enemies and an observed low level of polyphagy may explain the present limited distribution of the non «B» biotype ofB. tabaci in Crete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 3-27 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Microbial control ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; resistance ; bacteria ; virus ; fungi ; nematodes ; protozoa ; IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le rôle de la lutte microbiologique dans la protection des cultures et des forêts et dans la limitation des insectes d'intérêt médical ou vétérinaire s'est accru considérablement avec la découverte et la mise au point de nouveaux agents de lutte microbiologique, l'amélioration génétique des pathogènes bactériens et viraux et les améliorations dans la formulation, les choix d'application et la compatibilité avec d'autres formes d'interventions. Une synthèse bibliographique de l'utilisation actuelle des bactéries, virus, champignons, protozoaires et nématodes en tant qu'agents de lutte microbiologique est présentée en même temps qu'une réflexion sur leurs potentialités à l'aube du XXIe siècle. L'agent microbiologique le plus largement utilisé estBacillus thuringiensis. L'isolation, au cours des deux décennies précédentes, de nouvelles souches larvicides pour certains Diptères et Coléoptères a fortement augmenté l'utilité de la bactérie. D'autres améliorations de l'efficacité et l'élargissement de son spectre d'hôtes sont en cours, grâce à l'isolation de souches produisant de nouvelles toxines et à la manipulation de gènes deB. thuringiensis codant une production de toxines à l'aide de méthodes recombinante et non-recombinante. La manipulation génétique de ces gènes a aussi permis leur introduction dans des plantes cultivées. Le développement et la commercialisation de nématodes entomopathogènes des familles Steinermatidae et Heterorhabditidae élargissent la gamme des agents disponibles pour la lutte contre les insectes, notamment pour ceux présentant des stades de développement dans le sol. Les épizooties naturelles de champignons et virus évitent souvent le recours à des interventions supplémentaires. Le bond en avant fait dans la compréhension de la génétique des Baculovirus et la manipulation de gènes qui a suivi a accru leur virulence et leur utilité. L'amélioration des méthodes de production qui utilisent la technologie de la culture de cellules d'insectes pourra permettre, dans un avenir assez proche, l'utilisation des baculovirus à un coût raisonnable. Les champignons restent les seuls agents entomopathogènes utilisables contre les phytophages suceurs. Bien que les champignons présentent une forte possibilité de développement en tant qu'agents de lutte microbiologique, seuls un petit nombre d'entre eux ont été utilisés à une grande échelle. Certains facteurs qui pourraient limiter leur potentiel, incluant le développement de résistance, sont discutés. En raison de leur sélectivité et de leur faible impact sur l'environnement, les agents de lutte microbiologique seront des éléments très intéressants pour la lutte contre les ravageurs pour le début du XXIe siècle et au-delà. Cependant, s'ils sont utilisés surtout comme des éléments de remplacement de pesticides chimiques, il se peut que ces agents aient à faire face par la suite aux mêmes difficultés que les produits chimiques qu'ils remplacement, en particulier sur le plan de la résistance.
    Notes: Abstract The role of microbial control in crop and forest protection and the abatement of insects of medical and veterinary importance has expanded considerably with the discovery and development of new microbial control agents and genetic improvement in bacterial and viral pathogens, and improvements in formulation, application options and compatibility with other interventions. A synopsis of the literature regarding the current use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and nematodes as microbial control agents is presented along with speculation on their potential in the early 21st century. The most widely used of all microbial control agents isBacillus thuringiensis. The isolation within the past two decades of new strains that are larvicidal for certain Diptera and Coleoptera has increased the utility of the bacterium considerably. Further improvements in efficacy and broadening of its host range are in progress with the isolation of strains with new toxins and the manipulation ofB. thuringiensis genes that encode toxin production using both recombinant and nonrecombinant methods. Genetic manipulation of these genes has also enabled their incorporation into crop plants. The development and commercial availability of entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae expands the options for the control of insects, especially those with soil inhabiting stages. The results of natural epizootics of fungi and viruses often obviate the requirement for additional interventions. Breakthroughs in understanding the genetics ofBaculovirus and subsequent gene manipulation have increased their virulence and utility. Improved production methods that utilize insect cell culture technology may enable affordable use ofBaculovirus in the not too distant future. Fungi continue to offer the only control options using entomopathogens against plant sucking insects. Although fungi have great potential for development as microbial control agents, only a few have been used on an operational scale. Some factors that might limit the full range of entomopathogen potential, including development of resistance, are discussed. Because of their selectivity and minimal environmental impact, microbial control agents will be ideal components of integrated pest management programs in the early 21st century and beyond. However, if they are used merely as replacements for chemical pesticides, then eventually these agents will face some of the same fate as the chemicals they replace, particularly with respect to resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Steinernema glaseri ; Steinernema carpocapsae ; Steinernema feltiae ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; microbial control ; autodissemination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Plusieurs facteurs influençant l'activité de nématodes Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae sur les adultes dePopillia japonica ont été examinés en laboratoire. L'effet de la concentration en nématodes sur la mortalité des adultes deP. japonica a été évalué par un bio-essai en boîte de Petri. Dix adultes ont été exposés à 1 000 à 10 000 stades juvéniles infectés (J3) deSteinernema glaseri, avec ou sans nourriture, pendant une période de 24 h au bout de laquelle ils étaient nourris pendant encore 6 jours. Les CL50 pour les mâles avec ou sans nourriture pendant la période d'exposition étaient respectivement de 3 435 et 2 854 J3 pour 10 adultes. Les CL50 pour les mâles et les femelles en mélange, avec ou sans nourriture, étaient respectivement de 5 228 et 1 762 J3 pour 10 adultes. Bien que la mortalité intervienne surtout durant l'exposition et immédiatement après, une mortalité supplémentaire significative a été observée 1 à 4 jours après l'exposition. L'exposition d'un mélange de 10 mâles et femelles pourvus de nourriture à 10 000 J3 pendant 6, 12, 18 ou 24 h a entraîné respectivement une mortalité de 47, 58, 72 et 77%. L'activité comparée deS. glaseri, S. carpocapsae (souche All),S. feltiae (souche expérimentale Biosys adaptée au froid=biblionis),S. feltiae (souche expérimentale 27 de Biosys),Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, etHeterorhabditis sp. (isolat de l'île de Terceira) contre des adultes deP. japonica a été étudiée pendant une exposition de 24 h de 10 adultes à 8 000 J3. Les espèces les plus virulentes ont étéS. glaseri, S. feltiae (=bibionis), l'isolat de Terceira deHeterorhabditis etS. carpocapsae provoquant respectivement une mortalité de 55, 44, 36 et 34%. Nos résultats montrent que des adultes deP. japonica infestés par des nématodes entomopathogènes pourraient être utilisés comme agents de dispersion de ces nématodes.
    Notes: Abstract Several factors that influence the activity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes against adult Japanese beetles were examined in the laboratory. The effect of nematode concentration on mortality of adult beetles was evaluated using a Petri plate bioassay. The adults were exposed to 1,000 to 10,000 infective stage juveniles (J3) ofSteinernema glaseri per 10 beetles with or without food for 24 hr after which they were held with food for an additional 6 days. The LC50s for males with and without food during exposure were 3,435 and 2,854 J3s/10 adults, respectively. The LC50s for mixtures of males and females with and without food were 5,228 and 1,762 J3s/10 adults respectively. Although mortality occurred during and shortly after exposure, significant additional mortality was observed 1–4 days following exposure. Exposure of males and females with food to 10,000 J3s/10 adults for 6, 12, 18 or 24 hr resulted in 47, 58, 72 and 77% mortality, respectively. Comparative activity ofS. glaseri, S. carpocapsae (All strain),S. feltiae (Biosys experimental cold adapted strain=bibionis),S. feltiae (Biosys experimental strain 27),Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, andHeterorhabditis sp. (Terceiran isolate) was evaluated against adult Japanese beetles using a 24 hr exposure to 8,000 J3s/10 adults. The most virulent species wereS. glaseri, S. feltiae (=bibionis), the Terceiran isolate ofHeterorhabditis andS. carpocapsae producing 55, 44, 36 and 34% mortality respectively. Our results indicate that adult Japanese beetles infected with entomopathogenic nematodes could serve as a mechanism for nematode dispersal.
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