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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-year survey of blood lead levels in 8828 Taiwanese adults (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 80-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Blood lead levels ; Taiwanese ; Influencing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate environmental lead exposure in the general Taiwanese population. A total of 8828 Taiwanese adults selected by a multistage sampling method were investigated. Characteristics of the participants were ascertained by questionnaire and 10 ml venous blood was drawn by public health nurses. The blood specimens were distributed to six laboratories for blood lead level (BLL) measurement. A quality control program was applied during the analysis of the BLLs in order to improve precision and accuracy. The arithmetic mean BLL of the 8828 Taiwanese adults was 7.70 ± 5.23 μg/dl, with a maximal level of 69.1 μ/dl. The median was 6.5 μ/dl and the 90th percentile was 14.0 μg/dl. After logarithmic transformation, the geometric mean was 1.84 ± 0.67 μg/dl. This study also found that elevated BLLs were associated with certain personal characteristics, i.e., gender, ethnic group, and education level; life-style factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, Chinese herbal drug consumption, milk consumption, and sources of drinking water; residential location, i.e., level of urbanization; and occupational history of lead exposure. However, age, floor level of residence, distance from house to road, and betel nut consumption were not associated with elevated BLLs. These results showed that BLLs in the Taiwanese population were not higher than those in developed and developing countries. Most of the influencing factors were also found in other studies; however, local factors such as ethnic group, Chinese herbal drug consumption, and sources of drinking water are important considerations in Taiwan when examining ways to prevent overexposure to lead in the general population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381239
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-year survey of blood lead levels in 8828 Taiwanese adults (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 80-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Blood lead levels ; Taiwanese ; Influencing factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate environmental lead exposure in the general Taiwanese population. A total of 8828 Taiwanese adults selected by a multistage sampling method were investigated. Characteristics of the participants were ascertained by questionnaire and 10 ml venous blood was drawn by public health nurses. The blood specimens were distributed to six laboratories for blood lead level (BLL) measurement. A quality control program was applied during the analysis of the BLLs in order to improve precision and accuracy. The arithmetic mean BLL of the 8828 Taiwanese adults was 7.70 ± 5.23 μg/dl, with a maximal level of 69.1 μg/dl. The median was 6.5 μg/dl and the 90th percentile was 14.0 μg/dl. After logarithmic transformation, the geometric mean was 1.84 ± 0.67 μg/dl. This study also found that elevated BLLs were associated with certain personal characteristics, i.e., gender, ethnic group, and education level; life-style factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, Chinese herbal drug consumption, milk consumption, and sources of drinking water; residential location, i.e., level of urbanization; and occupational history of lead exposure. However, age, floor level of residence, distance from house to road, and betel nut consumption were not associated with elevated BLLs. These results showed that BLLs in the Taiwanese population were not higher than those in developed and developing countries. Most of the influencing factors were also found in other studies; however, local factors such as ethnic group, Chinese herbal drug consumption, and sources of drinking water are important considerations in Taiwan when examining ways to prevent overexposure to lead in the general population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381239
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead among lead battery workers (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Ambient lead level ; Blood lead level ; Lead battery factory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: To examine the relationship between ambient lead levels and blood lead levels and to explore the modifiers of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two lead battery factories. Blood lead level and ambient lead concentration were measured for each participant concurrently. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic characteristics and occupational history. Design: Biological and personal environmental measurements of 219 lead-exposed workers were analyzed by both simple and multiple linear regression. A regression model was selected for interpretation. Results: A high correlation (r=0.62) between ambient lead (PbA) and blood lead (PbB) was observed. In addition, numerous factors, including age, sex, alcohol consumption, personal hygiene practice and type of lead exposure, were also found to influence blood lead levels. Although PbB was highly correlated with PbA, blood lead level may not be effectively lowered by reducing ambient lead level. Based on the regression coefficients, improvement of hygienic practice was more effective at lowering PbB than reducing ambient lead level. Good hygienic practice may be the preferential way to reduce lead exposure in current conditions. Conclusion: Education of correct work practice may be more important than engineering control in the developing countries to lower blood lead levels in lead battery factories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050150
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase as an indicator of renal dysfunction in electroplating workers (1998)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 71 (1998), S. 348-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Chromium ; Electroplating ; Renal function ; Nephrotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate chromium-induced renal dysfunction in electroplating workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate four biochemical markers of renal function. A total of 178 workers were divided into 3 comparable groups consisting of 34 hard-chrome plating workers, 98 nickel-chrome electroplating workers, and 46 aluminum anode-oxidation workers, who represented the reference group. Ambient and biological monitoring of urinary chromium were performed to measure exposure concentrations. Results: Overall, urinary chromium concentrations were highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 2.44 μg/g creatinine), followed by nickel-chrome electroplating workers (0.31 μg/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (0.09 μg/g creatinine). Airborne chromium concentrations were also highest in the hard-chrome plating area (geometric mean 4.20 μg/m3), followed by the nickel-chrome electroplating area (0.58 μg/m3) and the aluminum area (0.43 μg/m3). A positive correlation was found between urinary chromium and airborne concentrations (r = 0.54, P 〈 0.01). Urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) were also highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 4.9 IU/g creatinine), followed by nickel-chrome workers (3.4 IU/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (2.9 IU/g creatinine). The prevalence of “elevated” NAG (〉7 IU/g creatinine) was significantly highest among hard-chrome plating workers (23.5%), then among nickel-chrome workers (7.1%) and aluminum workers (8.7%). Differences in β2-microglobulin, total protein, and microalbumin were not significant. Conclusion: The author's evidence indicates that NAG is an early indicator of renal dysfunction in hard-chrome plating workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050291
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nasal septum lesions and lung function in workers exposed to chromic acid in electroplating factories (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 70 (1997), S. 272-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Nasal septum lesion ; Lung function ; Electroplating processes ; Chromium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to compare workers from chromium, nickel-chromium, and zinc electroplating factories with regards to nasal septum lesions and lung function. Also investigated was the relationship between chromium levels in air and urine. A total of 189 workers from 11 electroplating factories (three chromium, six nickel-chromium, two zinc) were chosen from central Taiwan. All subjects were interviewed by constructed-questionnaire, given a nasal examination by a certified otolaryngologist and a lung function test. In the chromium factories 30.8% of the workers showed evidence of nasal septum perforations and 38.5% showed evidence of nasal septum ulcers. A Mantel extension test for trend showed that workers in the chromium factories were 31.7 times more likely to experience nasal ulcers than nickel-chromium and zinc factory workers. Those who worked in the electroplating tank area were 4.2 times more likely to experience ulcers and those with over 9 years' experience were 30.8 times more likely. A comparison of lung function adjusted for age, gender and smoking habit among workers showed that vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were all significantly decreased among chromium factory workers. Because the results showed that the workers' health is being severely damaged by the harmful environment of chromium electroplating factories, the authors wish to suggest improvements in the workplace are vitally needed to ensure the safety of the workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050218
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood lead levels in the general population of Taiwan, Republic of China (1994)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 66 (1994), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Blood lead levels ; Environmental pollution ; Influence factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental lead exposure of the general population in Taiwan. A total of 2919 residents of Taiwan were selected by multistage sampling methods. The participants were characterized by questionnaires and 10 ml venous blood was collected for blood lead measurement. A quality assurance/quality control program was designed during the analysis of blood lead levels. The mean blood lead level of 2719 residents without occupational lead exposure was 8.29 ± 5.92 μg/dl. After adjustment for age and sex distribution to the Taiwan general population, the mean blood lead level was 8.10 μg/dl. Adjusted for an 11% underestimation of blood lead levels among the six laboratories, the mean blood lead level was estimated to be 8.99 μg/dl. This study also found that blood lead levels were associated with personal characteristics, i.e., gender, ethnic group, education level; lifestyle factors, i.e., smoking, alcohol consumption, sources of drinking water; and residential location, i.e., levels of urbanization, distance of house from the road. However, age, floor of residence, milk consumption, betel nut consumption, and Chinese herbal drug consumption were not found to be associated with blood lead levels. These results show that blood lead levels in Taiwan residents were not higher than in most developed and developing countries. Environmental lead pollution does not seem to be a serious problem in Taiwan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454364
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) on electrocardiographic features of ischemic heart disease among viscose rayon factory workers (1997)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 70 (1997), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Carbon disulfide  ;  ECG testing  ;  Viscose rayon factory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate viscose plant workers for electrocardiographic manifestations resulting from exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2). A total of 162 workers (118 in an exposure group and 44 in a reference group) were evaluated using a health questionnaire, physical check-up, biochemical analysis of blood samples and electrocardiograms (ECG). The exposure group consisted of workers in the following areas: viscose manufacturing, cellophane processing, ripening, and filament spinning. Reference group workers were from the administrative office, rolling area, pulp processing, and testing office. Only slight differences were found in the biochemical analyses of the two groups, with the exception of sodium (Na) levels. Personal and area sampling results were found to have a high variation due to different locations within the plant and a wide range of manufacturing processes. Highest CS2 concentrations were found in the ripening area (54.60 ppm) and the filament spinning area (19.60 ppm). Using a multiple logistic regression model to control variables (age, gender, body mass index, duration of employment, cholesterol, smoking, and alcohol), we found a relative risk for ECG abnormalities 4.18 times significantly higher for the exposure group. The authors feel that the installation of an adequate ventilation system could greatly reduce the risk of workers developing CS2-induced cardiovascular abnormalities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050187
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Medical Waste in Taiwan (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 413-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; incineration ; medical waste ; Taiwan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was threefold: to investigate the types and amounts of medical waste from various hospitals in Taiwan; to analyze residues from incinerated medical waste for heavy metal content; and to measure the amount of infectious and general medical waste per bed per day and determine the ratio of infectious to general medical waste. Information was first obtained on the amounts of medical waste produced per bed per day and on waste handling and treatment. Next, residue samples were taken from incinerators and analyzed for heavy metal content. Third, daily records concerning waste content and weight from one hospital were kept over the period of one year. Chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were significantly higher in medical waste than in general waste. Medical waste fluctuated significantly over the one-year period. Records showed that wastes containing dialysis material and wood/cotton materials were found to have the highest weight and wastes containing human organs had the lowest weight. Results of the present study underscore the need for all hospitals to effectively separate waste for proper treatment and disposal, particularly waste that produces residues which may be hazardous to the environment. In addition, hospitals also need to recycle or reuse certain materials in order to reduce waste production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005169032759
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