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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 298-308 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: ARDS – Drucklimitierte Beatmung – Bauchlage – Dehydratation – Extrakorporaler Gasaustausch ; Key words: ARDS – Pressure-limited ventilation – Prone position – Dehydration – Extracorporeal gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Recent studies and reviews continue to report a high mortality associated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves a severe inflammatory reaction within the whole lung that is frequently associated with multiple-organ failure. Important factors contributing to the poor results in severe ARDS are the aggressive procedures required to maintain sufficient arterial oxygenation, such as mechanical ventilation with high inspiratory pressures and high inspired oxygen concentrations (FiO2) which themselves contribute to the progression of the disease. As no specific therapy that reduces or prevents the general inflammatory reaction is known, current therapy is limited to procedures that minimize peak inspiratory pressures and FiO2. Therefore, pressure- and volume-limited ventilation modes with positive end-expiratory pressure, controlled hypercapnia, differential lung ventilation when appropriate, positioning (particularly prone), and aggressive dehydration are used. Should these procedures fail to improve arterial gas exchange, the patients may be additionally treated by veno-venous extracorporeal gas exchange. To reduce the risk of severe haemorrhagic complications due to high levels of systemic heparinization, systems internally coated with covalently bound heparin, which allow a lower level of systemic anticoagulation, should be used. From April 1989 to August 1993, 89 patients were transferred to our intensive care unit for treatment of severe ARDS; 52 were treated by combining the described conventional methods without artificial gas exchange (survival rate 88%) and 37 additionally underwent artificial gas exchange (survival rate 57%). The overall survival rate was 75%. On the basis of these experiences, we conclude that this step-by-step approach may improve survival in patients with severe ARDS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Die Therapie des schweren akuten Lungenversagens des Erwachsenen (acute respiratory distress syndrome=ARDS) umfaßt bis heute vorwiegend unterstützende, auf eine Normalisierung des Gasaustauschs ausgerichtete Maßnahmen. Druckbegrenzte Beatmung mit positiv endexspiratorischem Druck in Verbindung mit permissiver Hyperkapnie, seitendifferenter Beatmung, Seiten- und Bauchlagerung und Dehydratation zielen auf eine Reduktion der zur Aufrechterhaltung annähernd normaler Blutgase notwendigen hohen Atemwegsspitzendrücke und inspiratorischen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen und somit auf eine Abschwächung iatrogener Faktoren, die wesentlich zur Progression der Lungenschädigung beitragen können. Extrakorporale Verfahren zur Unterstützung des Gasaustauschs sollten dann in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn mit diesen etablierten Behandlungsregimen keine Besserung des pulmonalen Gasaustauschs erzielt werden kann und wenn die Prognose der Grunderkrankung als günstig anzusehen ist. Mit diesem Therapiekonzept konnte im eigenen Patientengut eine Überlebensrate von 75% (67 von 89 Patienten) erreicht werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ; extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung (ECMO) ; Überlebensraten ; Beatmung ; PEEP ; permissive Hyperkapnie ; Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) ; Key words Acute respiratory distress syndrome ; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ; Survival rates ; Mechanical ventilation ; PEEP ; Permissive hypercapnia ; Nitric oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is rare but beset with a high mortality rate. In recent years, however, a trend towards higher survival rates has been observed. High inspiratory oxygen concentrations, large tidal volumes, and high peak inspiratory airway pressures applied during mechanical ventilation have been identified as harmful to the lung and can contribute to the progression of ARDS. This had led to reconsideration of the sequelae of ventilatory therapy. Mechanical ventilation and other adjunctive strategies in ARDS have changed from the conventional approach aiming at normalisation of physiological ventilatory parameters to an elaborated approach that intends to protect the ventilated lung, prevent oxygen toxicity, recruit the infiltrated atelectatic and consolidated lung and reduce the anatomical and alveolar dead space. This new approach consists of various forms of pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation with PEEP and permissive hypercapnia, body position changes, and inhalation of nitric oxide. Should these procedures fail to improve impaired gas exchange, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an additional therapeutic option. None of these therapeutic procedures, however, has been tested against traditional standard treatment in a classical randomised controlled trial. The following review focuses on the latest insights into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ARDS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das akute Lungenversagen des Erwachsenen ist selten, aber auch heute noch mit einer sehr hohen Letalität belastet, wenngleich sich in den letzten Jahren ein Trend zu verbesserten Überlebensraten abzuzeichnen beginnt. Neuere Studien haben gezeigt, daß die bis vor kurzem noch in der Behandlung des ARDS angewendete Beatmungstherapie mit großen Atemzugvolumina, hohen Beatmungsdrücken und hohen inspiratorischen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen die erkrankte Lunge weiter schädigen kann. Diese Erkenntnisse haben zu einem Umdenken in der Behandlung geführt. Vorrangiges Ziel ist heute nicht mehr, die Wiederherstellung und Aufrechterhaltung physiologischer Normwerte für Sauerstoff- und Kohlendioxidpartialdrücke sowie arteriellen pH zu erreichen, sondern die Lunge vor beatmungsinduzierten Schäden zu schützen. Hierzu hat sich ein erweitertes Behandlungskonzept, bestehend aus verschiedenen Formen der drucklimitierten Beatmung mit PEEP und permissiver Hyperkapnie, Lagerungsmaßnahmen, Inhalation von Stickstoffmonoxid und – zumindest in Europa – extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung als erfolgreich erwiesen, ohne daß die Effizienz jeder einzelnen Methode in kontrollierten randomisierten Studien bewiesen worden wäre. In dem vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel werden die neuesten Entwicklungen aufgezeigt, diskutiert und im Hinblick auf ihre klinische Effizienz bewertet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 261-262 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. 845-847 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Adult respiratory distress syndrome ; ARDS ; Nitric oxide ; Endothelium-derived relaxing factor ; EDRF ; Inhalation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To evaluate the lowest dose of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is able to improve arterial oxygenation more than 30% compared to baseline data. Design Prospective, clinical study. Setting Anesthesiological ICU in a university hospital. Patients 3 consecutive patients with severe ARDS according to clinical and radiological signs. Interventions Pressure-controlled ventilation with positive endexpiratory pressure of 8–12 cm H2O. Inhalation of NO was performed with a blender system and a Servo 300 ventilator. The lowest effective NO dose was defined by titrating the inspiratory NO dose until reaching a 30% improvement of PaO2/FiO2. This dose was used for the following continuous long-term NO inhalation; controls of efficacy by investigation of hemodynamics and blood gas exchange were performed initially and 2 times per patient after intervals of 3–5 days. Measurements and results Initial NO concentrations were found to be effective at 60, 100, and 230 parts per billion (ppb). In all measurements, arterial oxygenation was found to be elevated by NO inhalation with the initially evaluated dose compared to baseline data; in parallel, the venous admixture $$\left( {{{\dot Q_{va} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\dot Q_{va} } {\dot Q_t }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\dot Q_t }}} \right)$$ was reduced. The O2 delivery increased, although O2 consumption and hemodynamics did not change. In 1 patient, interruption of NO inhalation caused remarkable increase of pulmonary resistance. Conclusions The improvement of oxygenation by NO inhalation in ARDS does not require reduction of pulmonary resistance and can be performed using low doses in the ppb range, which has to be considered as probably non-toxic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 25 (1999), S. 884-886 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) ; Mechanical ventilation ; Survival rates ; Clinical algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: We investigated whether a treatment according to a clinical algorithm could improve the low survival rates in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Design: Uncontrolled prospective trial. Setting: One university hospital intensive care department. Patients and participants: 122 patients with ARDS, consecutively admitted to the ICU. Interventions: ARDS was treated according to a criteria-defined clinical algorithm. The algorithm distinguished two main treatment groups: The AT-sine-ECMO (advanced treatment without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) group (n = 73) received a treatment consisting of a set of advanced non-invasive treatment options, the ECMO treatment group (n = 49) received additional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) using heparin-coated systems. Measurements and results: The groups differed in both APACHE II (16 ± 5 vs 18 ± 5 points, p = 0.01) and Murray scores (3.2 ± 0.3 vs 3.4 ± 0.3 points, p = 0.0001), the duration of mechanical ventilation prior to admission (10 ± 9 vs 13 ± 9 days, p = 0.0151), and length of ICU stay in Berlin (31 ± 17 vs 50 ± 36 days, p = 0.0016). Initial PaO2/FIO2 was 86 ± 27 mm Hg in AT-sine-ECMO patients that improved to 165 ± 107 mm Hg on ICU day 1, while ECMO patients showed an initial PaO2/FIO2 of 67 ± 28 mm Hg and improvement to 160 ± 102 mm Hg was not reached until ICU day 13. Q˙S/Q˙T was significantly higher in the ECMO-treated group and exceeded 50 % during the first 14 ICU days. The overall survival rate in our 122 ARDS patients was 75 %. Survival rates were 89 % in the AT-sine ECMO group and 55 % in the ECMO treatment group (p = 0.0000). Conclusions: We conclude that patients with ARDS can be successfully treated with the clinical algorithm and high survival rates can be achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 25 (1999), S. 771-774 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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