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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 93 (1989), S. 3314-3320 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 2872-2878 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Methods were developed to characterize tapered capillaries as x-ray concentrators capable of forming spots of intense x-ray radiation with micrometer diameters. These tapered capillaries, with somewhat controlled tapers, were produced using a gravity-based capillary puller. A device was constructed to microscopically inspect these capillaries along two orthogonal axes in order to accurately measure the tapering and bending. Both monochromatic and white hard x rays were concentrated with a variety of tapered capillaries, and the subsequent gains in intensity (flux/area) ranging from 14 to 35 are reported. Using these unique x-ray concentrators, a simple high-powered x-ray fluorescence microscope was constructed and tested. We also found that hard x-ray beams could be successfully steered by bending the capillary tip with radii as small as 5 m. In addition, preliminary ray-tracing results obtained from a two-dimensional ray-tracing program are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3567-3572 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) which fully integrates near-field and far-field optics with scanned probe microscopy (SPM). The instrument incorporates a novel, flat scanning system that allows the NSOM/SPM head to be placed directly on the sample stage of any upright or inverted optical microscope and fully integrates the two microscopes. The near-field optical microscope that is designed around this flat scanner utilizes cantilevered optical force sensing probes that we have developed. Thus, the instrument can simultaneously image in a number of topographic and optical modes. The normal force sensing capability of our probes and microscope provides a significant advantage over straight optical fibers and the shear force detection techniques that are employed. The piezoelectric scanner incorporates X, Y, and Z scan ranges of over 40 μm into a flat stage less than 7 mm high. The scanning stage also provides for inertial translation of a sample over many millimeters. This completely and transparently integrates the technologies of near-field optics and other scanned probe microscopies with conventional far-field optical microscopy. Furthermore, the axial positioning capability of the flat scanner enhances the characteristics of the far-field microscope by allowing for three-dimensional optical sectioning that is required in techniques such as confocal imaging, nonlinear optical microscopies, and charge coupled device (CCD) imaging. Finally, the X, Y, and Z precision movements also have the potential for being used in optical tweezer applications. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 3300-3306 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Submicrometer-size thermocouples at the tip of gold-coated glass micropipettes containing a platinum core were produced and tested. The response time of such thermocouples measured with different techniques appeared to be not bigger than a few microseconds. The calculations indicate that the spatial selectivity of this new class of thermocouple devices can be less than 2 μm along the pipette and less than 50 nm across the pipette. The suitability of this thermocouple for light intensity measurements with micrometer spatial resolution is demonstrated by measuring the focused beam of an argon-ion laser. In addition, such thermocouples are intrinsically suitable for applications in scanned probe microscopies. All these unique advantages make the pipette thermocouples a new and promising sensor in a variety of applications. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 3538-3541 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present a simple and general purpose implementation for monitoring the lateral forces between a near-field optical probe and a surface. A feedback system based on this technique has been incorporated into a near-field optical fabrication system based on heatless material removal with an argon fluoride excimer laser. This has allowed the construction of an instrument that is capable of directly patterning a wide variety of materials with a resolution of less than 50 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 4061-4065 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper it is demonstrated that glass micropipettes have unique applicability as force probes for a variety of imaging conditions and a variety of scanned tip microscopies. These probes are characterized in terms of the parameters that determine their force characteristics. Measurements are presented showing that one can readily achieve force constants of 10 N/m and it is anticipated that a reduction in this force constant by two orders of magnitude can be achieved. Such probes can be produced simply with a variety of geometries that permit a wide range of force imaging requirements to be met. Specifically, the glass micropipette probes reported in this paper are readily produced with apertures at the tip and can thus be applied to near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). This opens the possibility of the long-awaited development of a universal feedback mechanism for NSOM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 7673-7680 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An electrical system based on a tapered microelectrode has been developed for generation of high voltage sub-microsecond discharge in physiological medium. Different types of the resulting pulses of current are investigated as well as the dynamics of the associated cavitation bubbles. A highly localized zone of power dissipation—about 20 μm in size—results in a low threshold energy of cavitation bubble generation—about 3 μJ—in comparison to laser-based intraocular microsurgical instrumentation with fiber delivery systems. Cavitation bubble dynamics resulting from the electric discharge is similar to that observed with ns-pulsed fiber-delivered lasers in strongly absorbing liquid medium. Efficiency of the pulse energy conversion to the bubble energy is about 12%, which is lower than the best results obtained with lasers. In spite of that, due to the low threshold energy, cavitation bubbles required for effective cutting of soft tissue can be generated at energies lower than that used in laser instrumentation with fiber-based delivery systems. The proposed device has a potential to become a convenient and a cost-effective alternative to such lasers in vitreoretinal microsurgery. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2689-2693 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cavitation bubbles were generated by the 193 nm argon fluoride excimer laser delivered with a specially designed tip into absorbing NaCl solution. The dynamics of bubble formation and collapse have been studied using fast flash photomicrography. The bubble dimensions were measured at different time delays as a function of the tip exit diameter, the energy fluence of the laser, and the NaCl concentration. The dynamics of the cavitation bubble created on the tip is compared with the well-studied dynamics of bubbles resulting from dielectric breakdown near a boundary. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 2729-2731 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present and demonstrate a self-transverse-mode organization effect (passive transverse mode locking?) in a cavity that contains a saturable absorber. It gives narrowing and filamentation of the oscillating beam in the region of the absorber. In the demonstration, we have used a resonator formed by two photorefractive phase conjugate mirrors. The saturable absorber was bacteriorhodopsin in a polymer film. Light powers of 1–100 mW were used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 3650-3652 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe a method to microfabricate a light emitting diode array with pixels based on conjugated electroluminescent polymers sandwiched between appropriate electrodes. This method, based on direct photoablation with the 193 nm emission of an excimer laser, maintains the properties of these unique polymers. The technique as described here has already achieved an array of 20 μm×20 μm pixels with enhanced electroluminescence (EL) from these pixels and possible spectral tuning of the EL by the application of varying external field. This method can be extended to achieve nanometer dimensionalities using near-field nanolithography. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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