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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disruption of postsynaptic GABAA receptor clusters leads to decreased GABAergic innervation of pyramidal neurons (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 95 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have used RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down the expression of the γ2 subunit of the GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in pyramidal neurons in culture and in the intact brain. Two hairpin small interference RNAs (shRNAs) for the γ2 subunit, one targeting the coding region and the other one the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the γ2 mRNA, when introduced into cultured rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons, efficiently inhibited the synthesis of the GABAA receptor γ2 subunit and the clustering of other GABAAR subunits and gephyrin in these cells. More significantly, this effect was accompanied by a reduction of the GABAergic innervation that these neurons received. In contrast, the γ2 shRNAs had no effect on the clustering of postsynaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) or presynaptic glutamatergic innervation. A γ2-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) subunit construct, whose mRNA did not contain the 3′-UTR targeted by γ2 RNAi, rescued both the postsynaptic clustering of GABAARs and the GABAergic innervation. Decreased GABAAR clustering and GABAergic innervation of pyramidal neurons in the post-natal rat cerebral cortex was also observed after in utero transfection of these neurons with the γ2 shRNAs. The results indicate that the postsynaptic clustering of GABAARs in pyramidal neurons is involved in the stabilization of the presynaptic GABAergic contacts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03426.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Code-switching: a natural phenomenon vs language ‘deficiency’ (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    World Englishes 8 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-971X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: English, American Studies
    Notes: : Code-switching is a very important aspect of bilingualism, and is a natural occurrence when two bilingual speakers engage in discourse. For the most part, such individuals are not consciously aware that they are code-switching. Nonetheless, it serves an important social function. Whenever there is more than one language spoken in a community, its population will code-switch. The purpose of this paper is to first examine the types of code-switches that bilingual speakers use and listener attitudes toward this behavior. Some linguists view code-switching as inevitable, and feel that it helps to express meanings more precisely, while others believe that code-switching can serve to pollute a language, rather than enhance the communication between bilingual individuals. Professionals in speech-language pathology have viewed the use of the amount and types of code-switching as indicators for relative language proficiency or, on occasion, as the lack thereof. Some practitioners view code-switching as a symptom of language deficiency. However, the authors contend that when code-switching is used to maximize communication and to strengthen not only the content but the essence of the message, it can be considered an asset, not a deficiency. However when used in great abundance, and to the degree that it interferes with communication, it can be considered a deficit. Second, this paper discusses the importance of collecting data based on the ethnographic approach in order to gain more insight into this phenomenon. Such data need to be analyzed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The authors propose a framework for in-depth studies, i.e. cumulative studies of code-switching under various contexts. The following analyses of each instance of code-switching may then assist researchers to obtain a holistic and qualitative understanding of such behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00670.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-Bromosuccinimide modification of tryptophan 241 at the C-terminus of the manganese stabilizing protein of plant photosystem II influences its structure and function (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 111 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Life on earth depends upon the ability of oxygenic photosynthesis to oxidize water to molecular oxygen. This process is catalyzed by water–plastoquinone oxido-reductase complex. In addition to the photosystem II (PSII) reaction core, it includes a manganese stabilizing protein (MSP) that plays an important regulatory role in the process in plants and algae. Tryptophan 241, located at the carboxyl-terminus of the MSP, is its sole tryptophan. Modification of MSP by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was carried out to explore the role of Trp241 in maintaining its structure and function. Data and arguments are presented to show that it is Trp241, not other tyrosines in MSP, that is involved in the modification and changes observed in this study. Further, the pH-dependence of the modification and the comparison of features of fluorescence spectra of MSP suggested that Trp241 is buried in the hydrophobic interior of the protein. Hydropathy analysis revealed that Trp241 is located in the middle of the hydrophobic region at the C-terminus of MSP. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that NBS modification of Trp241 dramatically modified the protein structure. The affinity of MSP to PSII decreased greatly after the modification of Trp241, and no oxygen-evolving activity was recovered after its reconstitution. This study provides a novel demonstration that Trp241 at the C-terminus hydrophobic region of the MSP is critical for maintaining appropriate structure and function of MSP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110114.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of a proteomic approach with a microarray-based approach to detect exons in the mouse genome (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 38 (2006), S. 1223-1224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] To the Editor: Recently, Frey and colleagues predicted more than 1.14 million putative exon sequences from the mouse genome, among which are 155,839 sequences identified using exon microarrays and the GenRate algorithm. In order to directly compare these putative exons with protein sequences, we ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1106-1223
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell-specific mitotic defect and dyserythropoiesis associated with erythroid band 3 deficiency (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 34 (2003), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Most eukaryotic cell types use a common program to regulate the process of cell division. During mitosis, successful partitioning of the genetic material depends on spatially coordinated chromosome movement and cell cleavage. Here we characterize a zebrafish mutant, retsina (ret), that exhibits an ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1137
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The RickA protein of Rickettsia conorii activates the Arp2/3 complex (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 427 (2004), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Actin polymerization, the main driving force for cell locomotion, is also used by the bacteria Listeria and Shigella and vaccinia virus for intracellular and intercellular movements. Seminal studies have shown the key function of the Arp2/3 complex in nucleating actin and generating a branched ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02318
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and properties of two allelic chymotrypsin inhibitors from the hemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Insect Biochemistry 20 (1990), S. 531-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-1790
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020-1790(90)90036-T
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and characterization of a novel chymotrypsin inhibitor controlled by the chymotrypsin inhibitor A (Ict-A) gene from the larval hemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part B: Biochemistry and 94 (1989), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-0491
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-0491(89)90026-6
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel means of generating assembly sequences using the connector concept (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 10 (1999), S. 423-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Assembly sequence planning ; connector ; component interaction ; connector-based assembly element ; connector-based assembly sequence graph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Assembly planning attempts to arrange product assembly sequences on the basis of the input of product description, similar assembly plans and assembly constraints. Assembly planning is frequently viewed as a creative thinking process, which requires extensive assembly planning experience. Assembly product modeling with mechanical connection functions has increasingly focused on assembly sequence planning. When considering the connection functions, the relationships between assembled components can act as a foundation for assembly clustering. Despite the merits of assembly sequence planning in lieu of considering connection functions, previous investigations have focused primarily on product representation with the connector concept. However, to our knowledge, generation of the assembly sequence on the basis of the connector concept has not been previously discussed. In this study, we present a novel means of generating assembly sequences on the basis of the connector concept. The proposed method initially defines different types of connectors and representation schemes. Through the definition and representation scheme, an assembly product can be decomposed into a set of connector-based assembly elements. The connector-based assembly elements then serve as input for an assembly sequence generation algorithm, which is connector-based, to generate an assembly sequence. The final output is a connector-based assembly sequence graph, resembling an assembly precedence diagram. In addition, this graph can act as the input for any line balance method when designing work elements for each assembly workstation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008971030395
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chirality selectivity in the uptake of platinum (II) complexes with 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers as carrier ligand by human erythrocytes (1997)
    Springer
    BioMetals 10 (1997), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: chirality ; 1,2-cyclohexanediamine ; human erythrocyte ; platinum complexes ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The uptake kinetics of cisplatin analogs of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine(dach) isomers with various leaving groups, by human erythrocytes in plasma isotonic buffer, were studied. The experimental results showed that the uptake rate constants (k values) decrease with the change of leaving group in the sequence: chloride (Cl) 〉 squaric acid (SA) 〉 oxalate (OX) 〉 demethylcantharic acid (DA), with the same dach isomer as carrier group. It is noteworthy that for the platinum (II) complexes with the same leaving group, the k values always reduce as: 1R, 2R-dach 〉 1R, 2S-dach 〉 1S, 2S-dach. This result reflects the chirality selectivity. No differences in reactivity to protein thiols and effects on membrane permeability were found for the R,R-, R,S-, S,S-isomeric complexes. It is proposed that the chirality selectivity in uptake is due to the recognition of the chirality of the platinum complexes by the erythrocyte membrane. The interactions between the chiral platinum complexes and the head groups of the membrane phospholipid molecules are probably involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018314719904
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