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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal behavior of Al and Al-3 at. % Ge thin films on Si wafers (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2945-2947 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mechanical stresses of a pure Al film and a low-thermal-expansion Al-3 at. % Ge thin film on (100) Si wafers are measured and compared in the temperature range of room temperature to 400 °C by the vibrating membrane method. The results are discussed including the comparison with those obtained by the popular wafer bending method. It was found that the chemical reaction between the Al and the Si substrate affects the mechanical stress. The relatively low stress in the Al(Ge) film is due to the interference of Ge precipitation. The relatively slow relaxation in the Al film during annealing may be caused by the dissolution of Si into Al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354623
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further evidence for a "second universality'' in alternating-current conductivity relaxation (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 4429-4431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The existence of a regime of constant-loss (independent of frequency) behavior was reported earlier, based on ac conductivity measurements at low temperatures and/or high frequencies, for a wide range of ionically conducting crystalline materials and glasses. Here new results in support of this concept are presented. First, it is shown that the example of NaCl:Zn2+ which Macdonald examined in detail [J. Appl. Phys. 75, 1059 (1994)] is a poor one to serve as a test of constant-loss behavior. Additional cryogenic measurements, and a more detailed analysis of both the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant for materials such as crystalline CaTiO3:Al3+ and Na2O⋅3SiO2 glass are shown to support the conclusion that constant-loss behavior occurs at low temperatures for a wide range of materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357338
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics and moving species during Co2Si formation by rapid thermal annealing (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 5027-5030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the growth kinetics and identified the moving species during Co2Si formation by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). For the kinetics study, samples which consisted of a thin Co film on an evaporated Si substrate were used. To study which species moves, samples imbedded with two very thin Ta markers were employed. Upon RTA, only one silicide phase, Co2Si, was observed to grow before all Co was consumed. The square root of time dependence and the activation energy of about 2.1±0.2 eV were observed during the Co2Si formation up to 680 °C. The marker study indicated that Co is the dominant mobile species during Co2Si formation by RTA. We conclude that Co2Si grows by the same mechanisms during RTA and conventional thermal annealing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338324
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicon resistor to measure temperature during rapid thermal annealing (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 182-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A resistor composed of a piece of Si wafer and two thin silver wires attached to it, can reliably sense the temperature during rapid thermal annealing (RTA). As constant electric current passes through the Si piece, the resistivity change of Si with temperature produces a voltage signal that can be readily calibrated and converted to an actual temperature of the samples. An accuracy better than ±10 °C is achieved between 300° and 600 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140004
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of various light curing methods on the leachability of uncured substances and hardness of a composite resin (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 31 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the various light curing units (plasma arc, halogen and light-emitting diodes) and irradiation methods (one-step, two-step and pulse) using different light energy densities on the leachability of unreacted monomers (Bis-GMA and UDMA) and the surface hardness of a composite resin (Z250, 3M). Leachability of the specimens immersed for 7 days in ethanol was analysed by HPLC. Vicker's hardness number (VHN) was measured immediately after curing (IC) and after immersion in ethanol for 7 days. Various irradiation methods with three curing units resulted in differences in the amount of leached monomers and VHN of IC when light energy density was lower than 17·0 J cm−2 (P = 0·05). However, regardless of curing units and irradiation methods, these results were not different when the time or light energy density increased. When similar light energy density was irradiated (15·6–17·7 J cm−2), the efficiency of irradiation methods was different by the following order: one-step ≥ two-step 〉 pulse. These results suggest that the amount of leached monomers and VHN were influenced by forming polymer structure in activation and initiation stages of polymerization process with different light source energies and curing times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01172.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of salicylic–lactic acid conditioner on the shear bond strength of brackets and enamel surfaces (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 32 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of salicylic–lactic (SL) acid conditioner on the shear bond strength of brackets. Fluoride releasing (Light-bond) and non-fluoride releasing (Enlight) composite adhesives were used after conditioning with 0·22% salicylic + 9% lactic acid or 34% phosphoric acid. Composite adhesives were light cured with either a halogen light curing (HLC) unit for 30–50 s or a plasma arc curing (PAC) unit for 4 s. The shear bond strength was measured with an Instron. Failure modes of debonded brackets were identified based on adhesive remnants on the bracket and tooth. Salicylic–lactic acid conditioning was found to provide adequate shear bond strength. Groups conditioned with SL acid were debonded mainly at the enamel–resin interface and comparatively clean enamel surface after debonding was observed than those conditioned with phosphoric acid. Using confocal laser scanning microscopic examinations, it was found that demineralization patterns between SL acid and phosphoric acid conditioned groups were not different when the same adhesive was used. The SL acid conditioner did not reduce the demineralization. Light-bond adhesive showed less demineralization than Enlight adhesive. The PAC unit can be recommended as an alterative to the HLC unit because it significantly reduces the irradiation time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01416.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difference in the colour and colour change of dental resin composites by the background (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 32 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in the colour and colour change of dental resin composites over commonly used two backgrounds. Colour of five uncured and cured resin composites before and after polishing with 600-, 1000- or 1500-grit SiC paper was measured according to the CIELAB colour scale relative to the illuminant D65 over a white background (WB; reflectance = 91·57%) and a light trap (LT; reflectance = 0·01%) on a reflection spectrophotometer with the SCE geometry. Colour difference (ΔE*ab) by the background, and by the specimen conditions over each of two backgrounds was calculated. ΔE*ab values between the same specimen by the background were 2·38–11·60. ΔE*ab values by the specimen condition were varied by the background, and ΔE*ab between cured/polished specimens over WB were significantly higher than those over LT (P 〈 0·05) except a few cases. Background influenced three-colour coordinates of CIE L*, a*, and b* values differently depending on the material and the specimen condition. Background significantly influenced the colour coordinates and colour difference by the specimen conditions. As the light trap can eliminate the influence of variations at the background, measured colour over the light trap can be the colour of material itself. Correlation between the measured colour and varied shades of background should be further studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01402.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degree of polymerization of resin composites by different light sources (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 29 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of polymerization in the newly introduced blue light emitting diode (LED) (Experimental, SNU, Korea), and plasma arc curing (PAC) (Apollo 95E, Elite, DMD, USA) compared with conventional halogen lamp (Spectrum 800, Dentsply, USA). Various irradiation time with fixed intensity of light-curing units (LCUs) were irradiated to produce the same total light energy. The degree of double bond conversion (DC) of three resin composite (shade A3) was measured with a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer at various depths from the surface. Immediately after exposure to light, 100 μm thickness of resin composite was sectioned at the 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm from the top surface. The infrared spectrum of uncured resin and each wafer specimen were then obtained. The results were as follows: DC was significantly influenced by three variables of material, depth from the surface, and light source and energy level (P 〈 0·01). When the same light energy was irradiated, DC by plasma arc and LED was not significantly different from the halogen lamp (P 〉 0·05). When light energy was increased twice, no significant difference in DC was observed up to 2 mm from the surface (P 〉 0·05), but DC increased significantly from 3 mm (P 〈 0·05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00970.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of plasma arc curing on polymerization shrinkage of orthodontic adhesive resins (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 31 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerization shrinkage of three orthodontic adhesive resins when polymerized with a high-energy plasma arc light (1340 mW cm−2) and a conventional halogen light (500 mW cm−2), and to correlate the polymerization shrinkage with the degree of conversion. To equalize the total light energy delivered to the adhesive resin, irradiation time was varied between 3 or 6 s for a plasma arc-curing unit, and 8 or 16 s for a halogen light-curing unit. The polymerization shrinkage of adhesive resins during the light-curing process was measured using a computer-controlled mercury dilatometer and the degree of conversion was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A plasma arccuring unit produced significantly lower polymerization shrinkage than a halogen light-curing unit when the equivalent total light energy was irradiated to the orthodontic adhesive resins (P 〈 0·05). The magnitude of polymerization shrinkage was significantly different depending on the kind of adhesive resins (P 〈 0·05), but there was no significant correlation between the filler fraction and the polymerization shrinkage (r2 = 0·039). There was strong correlation (r2 = 0·787) between the polymerization shrinkage and the degree of conversion with a halogen light-curing unit, but poor correlation (r2 = 0·377) was observed with a plasma arc-curing unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01301.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of calcium phosphate based dental filling and regeneration materials (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 30 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPC) for possible dental applications with varied liquid and powder compositions under the same testing condition. Cements studied in this experiment were divided into two groups of CPC not containing polymer and polymeric CPC (PCPC). Cement powder was formed by combining equimolar amounts of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and tetracalcium phosphate, or acrylic resin polymer powder mixture. The CPC specimens for the compressive strength (CS) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) measurements were prepared by mixing powder and liquid for 30 s with a powder/liquid ratio of 3:1, and subsequently packing the paste into a brass mould. The specimens were kept at 37 °C and 100% relative humidity for 24 h before measurements were conducted on a Universal Testing Machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm min–1. The CS of CPC was 0ḃ14–10ḃ29 MPa and that of PCPC was 0ḃ26–117ḃ58 MPa. The DTS of CPC was 0ḃ10–4ḃ56 MPa and that of PCPC was 0ḃ07–22ḃ54 MPa. The CS and DTS were very diverse depending on the composition of powder and liquid. Some compositions showed higher values than commercial liners. Thus compositions of 2% carboxymethyl cellulose + 35% citric acid in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 20% gelatin in PBS, 2% sodium alginate in PBS, 20–40% aqueous acrylic-maleic copolymer solution, and some of the HPMC and PMVE-Ma solutions exhibited promising formulae for dentine regenerating materials. Acrylic resin-PCPC group showed generally higher CS and DTS values. Based on this study, further studies on the reaction with odontoblast and resultant dentine regeneration should be performed using promising compositions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01061.x
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