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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE INDUCED BY RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 36 (1998), S. 453-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nonpathogenic rhizobacteria can induce a systemic resistance in plants that is phenotypically similar to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) has been demonstrated against fungi, bacteria, and viruses in Arabidopsis, bean, carnation, cucumber, radish, tobacco, and tomato under conditions in which the inducing bacteria and the challenging pathogen remained spatially separated. Bacterial strains differ in their ability to induce resistance in different plant species, and plants show variation in the expression of ISR upon induction by specific bacterial strains. Bacterial determinants of ISR include lipopolysaccharides, siderophores, and salicylic acid (SA). Whereas some of the rhizobacteria induce resistance through the SA-dependent SAR pathway, others do not and require jasmonic acid and ethylene perception by the plant for ISR to develop. No consistent host plant alterations are associated with the induced state, but upon challenge inoculation, resistance responses are accelerated and enhanced. ISR is effective under field conditions and offers a natural mechanism for biological control of plant disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.453
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of proteins during the development of the first leaf of oat (Avena sativa) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 85 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Distal segments of the first leaf of intact oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) plants at different stages of development were labelled with 35S-methionine. During 12-h labelling periods similar amounts of label were retained in the segments, but incorporation into protein decreased from 28% in 7-day- to 3% in 27-day-old plants. Two-dimensional polyacrlamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the proteins revealed that even at a late stage of senescence a great many proteins are still being synthesized. Synthesis of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and other chloroplast-associated proteins declined more rapidly than general protein synthesis. With increasing leaf age, two sets of proteins with a relatively high molecular weight around 67 kDa and isoelectric points between 6.5 and 6.8 became the most prominently synthesized proteins. Since these proteins were hardly visible upon silver-staining, they seem to be subject to rapid turnover. An involvement of these proteins in senescence might explain the requirement of protein synthesis for senescence to proceed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04760.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo labelling of the proteins in the first leaf of intact oat plants (Avena sativa) (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 83 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In order to label the primary leaves of intact oat plants (Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) for studying protein turnover using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the following methods were tested: growth of seedlings on 35S-sulfate-containing Knop medium, labelling with 35S-methionine by vacuum infiltration of the leaf, injection into the leaf base or into the seed near the embryo, or wiping the surface of the leaf with ethanol followed by incubation in the labelled solution. A specific activity of 1.6 kBq per 20 μg of leaf protein applied was minimally necessary to obtain a well-resolved fluorogram of the gels. This level of labelling was reached only upon the treatment with ethanol, which did not require more than 0.55 MBq of 35S-methionine per leaf. The method may be useful locally to apply compounds to intact plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb02147.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic electron transport in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 80 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) plants inoculated with different strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inducing mosaic symptoms of widely varying severity were studied with in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. This method was used to deduce photosynthetic electron transport efficiency in relation to symptom expression. The quantum yields of photosystem II (PS II) electron transport rate were significantly diminished in virus strains inducing loss of chlorophyll. The reduction in young mosaic-diseased leaves appeared to be due in part to a reduction in the fraction of open reaction centers, whereas in older leaves exhibiting less pronounced symptoms the reduction was mainly caused by a reduced efficiency of capture of excitation energy of open PS II reaction centers. Upon infection with any of the five virus strains PS II seemed to be irreversibly damaged in the inoculated leaves and the ones directly above, indicative of a possible increased susceptibility to photoinhibition in these leaves (Somersalo and Krause 1989) even when no symptoms were apparent. Symptom expression did not appear to be related to the influence of the virus on PS II activity, because the severest effects occurred in the inoculated leaves, which either remained symptomless or developed slight yellowing only. This study demonstrates the usefulness or modulated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for the investigation of plant-virus interactions. It is particularly important when visual symptoms are absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb00066.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association of viral 126kDa protein-containing X-bodies with nuclei in mosaic-diseased tobacco leaves (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 104 (1989), S. 225-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the development of systemic mosaic symptoms in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco, the viral non-structural 126-kDa-protein was present among the chromatin-associated proteins in fractionated leaf homogenates [Van Telgen HJ et al. (1984) Virology 143: 612–616]. Using an antiserum raised against a fusion protein of β-galactosidase and part of the 126-kDa-protein of TMV, this viral protein was detected by immunoelectron microscopy in X-bodies in infected tissue. No labelling of nuclei was apparent. However, in embedded purified nuclear preparations from systemically infected leaves amorphous structures, most likely X-bodies, were present and specifically labelled. In contrast, using antibodies against tobacco histones, only nuclei were labelled. Antibodies against viral coat protein labelled crystalline virus inclusions in the cytoplasm and did not react with nuclei. Light microscopic analysis indicated that X-bodies were almost always associated with nuclei. Thus, the presence of X-bodies in nuclear preparations appeared to result from adherence of the X-bodies to the nuclei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315545
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of the 126 kDa protein of tobacco mosaic virus during systemic infection analysed by immunocytochemistry and ELISA (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 127 (1992), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Systemic infection of tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain WU1, is accompanied by massive accumulation of the virus-coded non-structural 126 kDa protein in X-bodies. The development of X-bodies and the time course of the increase in 126 kDa protein in systemically infected leaves were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and ELISA, respectively, using an antiserum raised against a fusion protein of β-galactosidase and part of the 126 kDa protein. The ELISA assay developed enabled routine detection of viral 126 kDa (as well as 183 kDa) protein in samples of less than 5 mg of systemically infected leaves. Plants were inoculated by differential temperature treatment, whereafter the accumulation of 126 kDa protein was related to viral multiplication, the development of X-bodies and the formation of symptoms. Both 126 kDa protein and coat protein became detectable between 40 and 66 h after transfer of the plants and increased in parallel up to 200 h. Vein clearing was visible at 66 h, followed by mosaic in the newly developed leaves at 112 h. By electron microscopical analysis small X-bodies, weakly labelled with antibodies against the 126 kDa protein, were detected as early as 24 h after transfer. At this stage they were not associated with nuclei. Thereafter, however, X-bodies increased in size and 126 kDa labelling density, and were increasingly often observed attached to nuclei. In emerging leaves that developed mosaic symptoms, X-bodies were associated with nuclei already at an early stage. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that association of X-bodies with nuclei may lead to symptom induction, when the leaf is invaded by the virus early in its development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309584
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the relationship between X-bodies and symptom development in plants infected with different tobamoviruses (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 133 (1993), S. 143-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between systemic mosaic symptoms and the occurrence of viral 126-kDa protein in X-bodies was studied in tobacco infected with the tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) strains U 2, U 5, and ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) strain HR, and in other plant species infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain W U 1. Strains U 2, U 5, and HR coded for proteins of 126, 126, and 130 kDa, respectively, but these were not recognized by antisera against the corresponding protein from W U 1. Only the HR 130-kDa protein reacted with an antiserum raised against a peptide of amino acids 849–863 from the sequence of W U 1. Electron microscopic analysis established the presence of virus clusters in the cytoplasm, as well as in chloroplasts, in leaf tissue infected with U 2 or U 5, and adjacent to nuclei and chloroplasts in scattered cells infected with HR. X-bodies were not detected after infection with any of these strains, but were large and adjacent to nuclei in W U 1-infected tomato displaying severe mosaic symptoms. Large X-bodies were detected near nuclei in W U 1-infected tomato displaying severe mosaic symptoms, but none were detected after infection of tobacco with any of the other tobamoviruses. The induction of X-bodies appears to be characteristic of some tobamovirus only and, at best, can only be associated with, rather than causative of, the severity of symptoms induced by those viruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309750
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of cDNA clones for a virus-inducible, glycine-rich protein from petunia (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 521-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019172
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The modulation of the conversion of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid to ethylene by light (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 153 (1981), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ; Ethylene ; Light and ethylene production ; Nicotiana ; Pharbitis ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Endogenous ethylene production of tobacco leaves was similar in light and in darkness. However, the rate of conversion of exogenously applied l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene was reversibly inhibited by light. Virus-stimulated ethylene production, during the hypersensitive reaction of tobacco leaves to tobacco mosaic virus, was likewise inhibited by light. Under such circumstances ethylene production is limited at the level of the conversion of ACC to ethylene. Inhibition of the increase in ACC-stimulated ethylene production by cycloheximide and 2-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methyl-propionamide after shifting leaf discs from light to darkness indicated that de novo protein synthsis was involved. Regulation of ACC-dependent ethylene production by reversible oxidation/reduction of essential SH groups, as suggested by Gepstein and Thimann (1980, Planta 149, 196–199) could be excluded. Instead, regulation of the ACC-converting enzyme at the level of both synthesis/degradation and activation/inactivation is suggested. Phytochrome was not involved in light inhibition, but low intensities of either red or blue light decreased the rate of ACC conversion. Dichlorophenyldimethylurea counteracted the inhibitory effect of light, indicating that (part of) the photosynthetic system is involved in the light inhibition. The ethylene production of Pharbitis cotyledons grown in darkness or light, either in the presence of absence of the inhibitor of carotenoid synthesis, SAN 9789 (norflurazon), supported this view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00383887
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigenic relationships between petunia peroxidase a and specific peroxidase isoenzymes in other Solanaceae (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Immunology ; Peroxidase isoenzymes ; Petunia ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A highly specific rabbit antiserum raised against peroxidase (PRXa) from petunia (Petunia hybrida) was used to investigate the antigenic relatedness of peroxidases in the Solanaceae. After SDS-PAGE of crude leaf extracts from a large number of species of this family, immunoblotting revealed that cross-reacting protein bands were present in all species tested. In order to determine whether these protein bands represent peroxidases, the peroxidase isoenzymes in thorn apple (Datura stramonium L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were further analyzed. Immunoblots obtained after native PAGE revealed that the antiserum only recognized fast-moving peroxidase isoenzymes that are localized in the apoplast. Despite their serological relatedness, these peroxidases differed with respect to heat stability and apparent molecular weight. Differences in avidity for the petunia PRXa antiserum were suggested by immunoprecipitation with antibodies bound to protein A-Sepharose. The antiserum did not react with peroxidases from horseradish (Armoracea rusticana Gaertn., Mey and Scherb), turnip (Brassica napus L.), African marigold (Tagetes cresta L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.). Apparently, the Solanaceae contain orthologous genes encoding the fast-moving anionic peroxidases homologous to petunia PRXa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224024
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