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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Water Quality in Wichita, Kansas, Using an Index of Biotic Integrity and Analysis of Bed Sediment and Fish Tissue forOrganochlorine Insecticides (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (2000), S. 531-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated water quality of the Arkansas River and its tributaries in the Wichita, Kansas, area. Water quality assessment included an evaluation of urban versus agricultural areas using a twofold approach: (1) assessment of fish community health using an index of biotic integrity (IBI); and (2) analysis of organochlorine (OC) insecticides in fish tissue (Cyprinus carpio) and sediment samples via gas chromatography. Results of the IBI analysis indicated that the overall health of the fish community was poor. No significant difference existed among IBI scores at urban sites compared to agricultural sites; however, a pattern was noted with higher IBI scores at the agricultural sites. Total IBI scores and individual metrics were not statistically correlated to either normalized or non-normalized organochlorine concentrations in fish or sediment. Lindane, chlordane, 4,4′-DDT, and 4,4′-DDE were the most commonly detected OCs in sediment and fish tissue and often exceeded federal guidelines. Total OC concentrations and their detection frequency were significantly greater in urban than agricultural areas. In addition, a significant correlation was found among total OC concentrations in fish and sediment. This assessment concluded that overall water quality in the Wichita area was poor and that the urban area has significantly impacted water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010137
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparison of Selected Diversity, Similarity, and Biotic Indices for Detecting Changes in Benthic-Invertebrate Community Structure and Stream Quality (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 39 (2000), S. 469-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Implementation of advanced wastewater treatment at the two municipal wastewater-treatment plants for Indianapolis, Indiana, resulted in substantial improvement in the quality of the receiving stream and significant changes in the benthic-invertebrate community. Diversity, similarity, and biotic indices were compared to determine which indices best reflected changes in the composition of the biota in the river. None of the indices perfectly reflected the changes in river quality or community structure. Similarity indices, especially percentage similarity, exhibit the most promise of the three classes of indices. Diversity indices were least useful, wrongly indicating that water quality deteriorated after the upgrade of the wastewater-treatment plants. The most descriptive tool in analyzing the data was the percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa present. Using a mixture of indices and other analytical tools, such as EPT, in the analysis of biological data will ensure the most effective investigations of water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010129
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal Fluctuations in Toxicity in Two Fish Species: Gambusia affinis and Notropis ludibundis (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 59 (1997), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900494
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery Following Pulsed Exposure to Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides in the Midge, Chironomus riparius (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 33 (1997), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The importance of recovery following pulsed and continuous exposure was determined by measuring the acute toxicity of two organophosphorus (parathion and malathion) and four carbamate (aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran and propoxur) insecticides. Two 1-h pulses caused significantly fewer symptoms of intoxication than 2 h of continuous exposure if at least 2 to 6 h in clean water were provided between doses for the four carbamates. Two 1-h pulses were equally toxic as a single 2-h continuous exposure for the two organophosphorus insecticides. Acetylcholinesterase activity in midges given two 1-h pulses of carbaryl separated by 24 h in clean water showed reactivation to control levels between the two exposures. These results contribute to the belief that episodic exposure to insecticides is less toxic if recovery in clean water is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900219
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoassay techniques on concentrations of atrazine in storm runoff (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 378-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were used to measure concentrations of dissolved atrazine in 149 surface-water samples. Samples were collected during May 1992–September 1993 near the mouth of the White River (Indiana) and in two small tributaries of the river. GC/MS was performed on a Hewlett-Packard 5971 A Use of brand names is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Uniroyal Chemical Company, or Wichita State University. with electron impact ionization and selected ion monitoring of filtered water samples extracted by C-18 solid phase extraction; ELISA was performed with a magnetic-particle-based assay with photometric analysis. ELISA results compared reasonably well to GC/MS measurements at concentrations below the Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3.0 μg/L), but a systematic negative bias was observed at higher concentrations. When higher concentration samples were diluted into the linear range of calibration, the relation improved. A slight positive bias was seen in all of the ELISA data compared to the GC/MS results, and the bias could be partially explained by correcting the ELISA data for cross reactivity with other triazine herbicides. The highest concentrations of atrazine were found during the first major runoff event after the atrazine was applied. Concentrations decreased throughout the rest of the sampling period even though large runoff events occurred during this time, indicating that most atrazine loading to surface waters in the study area occurs within a few weeks after application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212676
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Immunoassay Techniques on Concentrations of Atrazine in Storm Runoff (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 378-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were used to measure concentrations of dissolved atrazine in 149 surface-water samples. Samples were collected during May 1992–September 1993 near the mouth of the White River (Indiana) and in two small tributaries of the river. GC/MS was performed on a Hewlett-Packard 5971A with electron impact ionization and selected ion monitoring of filtered water samples extracted by C-18 solid phase extraction; ELISA was performed with a magnetic-particle–based assay with photometric analysis. ELISA results compared reasonably well to GC/MS measurements at concentrations below the Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3.0 μg/L), but a systematic negative bias was observed at higher concentrations. When higher concentration samples were diluted into the linear range of calibration, the relation improved. A slight positive bias was seen in all of the ELISA data compared to the GC/MS results, and the bias could be partially explained by correcting the ELISA data for cross reactivity with other triazine herbicides. The highest concentrations of atrazine were found during the first major runoff event after the atrazine was applied. Concentrations decreased throughout the rest of the sampling period even though large runoff events occurred during this time, indicating that most atrazine loading to surface waters in the study area occurs within a few weeks after application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900121
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Multiple Pesticides in Urban Storm Water Using Solid-Phase Extraction (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (2000), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. An analytical method was developed using C18 solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography—nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD) to determine the presence and quantity of 12 contemporary pesticides in storm water runoff from an urban environment. The method was validated, using deionized water and water collected from a local pond, for two concentration levels and four holding time regimes. The method was then utilized in a study examining nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in Wichita, KS. Accuracy and precision were demonstrated in each test for each analyte except diazinon, which degraded rapidly during holding times in aqueous solution. For all matrices, concentration levels, and holding times, mean recoveries for the remaining 11 pesticides ranged from 50% to 105% with percent relative standard deviations less than 25%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910002
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Temperature on the Toxicity of M-Parathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Pentachlorobenzene to Chironomus tentans (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 542-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study examined the influence of temperature (10, 20, and 30°C) on the acute toxicity and accumulation of two organophosphate (OP) insecticides and a narcotic chemical to the midge (Chironomus tentans). OP insecticides used in this study included chlorpyrifos and m-parathion, and pentachlorobenzene was the chosen narcotic. Chlorpyrifos was the most toxic chemical tested, followed by m-parathion and then pentachlorobenzene. A positive correlation was found between temperature and toxicity for each of the chemicals tested. A reverse trend was noted for total OP insecticide body residues with decreased concentrations found at the higher temperatures. Pentachlorobenzene body residues remained constant at all temperatures. All three chemicals showed increased uptake rates at 20 and 30°C in comparison to 10°C. The noted decrease in midge body residues at the higher temperatures for the OP insecticides was contributed to increased biotransformation and elimination rates at the higher temperatures. Overall, temperature had a greater influence on OP toxicity than for pentachlorobenzene, and this may be due to accelerated biotransformation of the OPs to more toxic o-analog metabolites at the higher temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900550
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioconcentration of 5,5′,6 -trichlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol in the midge, Chironomus riparius, as measured by a pharmacokinetic model (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A two compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed which describes the uptake and elimination of 5,5′,6-trichlorobiphenyl (TCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the midge, Chironomus riparius. C. riparius were exposed to nominal TCB (2 μg L−1) and PCP (9 μg L−1) concentrations during a 16 h static uptake phase. Depuration was determined over approximately 45 h using a flowthrough system without feeding. The uptake clearance (P) was 330±61 ml g−1 midge h−1 for TCB and 55±4 ml g−1 midge h−1 for PCP, while measured bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 35,900 and 458 for TCB and PCP, respectively. Overall, the clearance-volume-based pharmacokinetic model predicted BCF values that were consistent with published values as well as with BCF values obtained from the octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224812
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicokinetics of DDE and 2-Chlorobiphenyl in Chironomus tentans (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 38 (2000), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Uptake, biotransformation, and elimination rates for DDE and 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) were examined using fourth instar midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) under a water-only exposure. A two-compartment model that included biotransformation described the kinetics for 2-CB and a one-compartment model was used for DDE. The uptake clearance coefficient (ku) was 65.96 ± 2.09 ml · g−1 midge · h−1 for 2-CB and 84.1 ± 2.7 ml · g−1 midge · h−1 for DDE. DDE demonstrated no measurable elimination, while 2-CB showed elimination with faster elimination of parent compound (kep = 0.100 ± 0.008 h−1) compared to the polar metabolites (kem = 0.073 ± 0.016 h−1). The biotransformation rate for 2-CB (km = 0.031 ± 0.005 h−1) appeared to be time-dependent with faster rates at the beginning of the accumulation process slowing to a constant once the midge was loaded with chemical. Experimental results indicate a difference in the ability of C. tentans to eliminate 2-CB and its metabolites more quickly than DDE, and these differences were related to the bioconcentration potential of the compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910021
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