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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Apolipoprotein E ; Pathogenesis ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; β/A4-amyloid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In recent research, apolipoprotein-E (apoE) polymorphism has been shown to influence the formation of neurofibrillary changes and the accumulation of β/A4-amyloid, the histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Clinical studies associate the apoE allele ɛ4 with earlier onset of the disease, although the clinical speed of progression remains unchanged. Time course estimates have also provided evidence which indicates that the clinical phase of AD constitutes only 10–20% of the total time span needed for the development of this slowly progressing degenerative brain disorder. Due to the lack of reliable clinical tests for the detection of pre-symptomatic stages of AD, we set out with an autopsy approach to monitor neuropathology of the long pre-clinical phase of AD. This study examined β/A4-peptide deposition and the formation of neurofibrillary changes staged according to the Braaks’ classification in groups of individuals matched for age and sex with different genotypes. In comparison with ɛ3 homozygotes, the presence of the ɛ4 allele is statistically associated with a higher stage of β/A4-peptide deposition and neurofibrillary change formation (χ2-test, P 〈 0.01 for β/A4-stage and P 〈 0.001 for neurofibrillary changes). The effect of the ɛ2 allele differs. Its presence is associated with a lower stage of neurofibrillary pathology in individuals below the age of 80 but with a higher stage thereafter compared to age- and sex-matched ɛ3 homozygotes. Accordingly, the statistical juxtaposition of individuals over 80 years with ɛ4 alleles and those with ɛ2 alleles showed no significant difference with respect to the stages. Our findings indicate that apoE-variants have different effects on the speed of histopathology formation, even in the pre-clinical stages of AD. This suggests that clinical onset, course and pathogenesis of AD are influenced by the apoE genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kosten ; Wirtschaftlichkeit ; Lipide ; HMG-CoA-Reduktasehemmer ; Pravastatin ; Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Myokardinfarkt ; Instabile Angina pectoris ; Key Words Cost analysis ; Cost-effectiveness ; Lipids ; Status ; Pravastatin ; Coronary heart disease ; Myocardial infarction ; Unstable angina pectoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Secondary coronary prevention with lipid lowering drugs has become a major issue in health policy formulation due to the large upfront investment in drug therapy. The recently completed LIPID trial with pravastatin in secondary prevention immediately raise the question whether pravastatin might be cost effective in Germany. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of third party payers. The following costs were included in the analysis: daily treatment cost of pravastatin, non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary bypass operations and stroke. Life years gained were obtained by applying the declining exponential approximation of life expectancy. All calculations were standardized to 1,000 treated patients. The net costs of treating 1,000 patients (i. e. drug costs minus the costs of sequelae and interventions) are DM 8,4 Mio. In addition, a total of 405 life years may be saved through treatment. The corresponding cost-effectiveness of pravastatin treatment is DM 20 674,- (DM 17 314,-, discounted by 3% p. a.). The results suggest that the cost-effectiveness of pravastatin in secondary prevention lies well within the threshold of other commonly accepted medical interventions and may be considered an economically viable approach for secondary coronary prevention.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Entscheidungsträger im Gesundheitswesen sind zunehmen gezwungen, unnötige Kosten zu identifizieren und mögliche Einsparpotentiale im Gesundheitswesen zu realisieren. Gerade bei Krankheiten mit hoher Prävalenz, wie zum Beispiel Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, kommt hier der Prävention ein besonderer Stellenwert zu. Die vorliegende ökonomische Analyse dient der Klärung der Frage, ob der sekundärpräventive Einsatz des Cholesterinsyntheseenzym-(CSE-)Hemmers Pravastatin bei Patienten mit manifester koronarer Herzkrankheit und Cholesterinwerten zwischen 155 und 270 mg/dl neben dem klinischen Nutzen aud ökonomisch zu vertreten ist. Als Evaluationsform wurde die inkrementale Kosteneffektivitätsanalyse mit dem Endpunkt Kosten pro gerettetem Lebensjahr gewählt. Bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung handelt es sich um eine retrospektive Analyse auf der Basis der LIPID-Studie. Die Berechnung der Kosten erfolgte aus der Perspektive der Kostenträger in Deutschland. Die Nettokosten der Pravastatintherapie, das heißt die Medikationskosten für Pravastatin abzüglich der Kosten für vermiedene Ereignisse, lagen bei rund 8,4 Millionen DM bezogen auf 1000 Patienten in sechs Jahren. Diesen Aufwendungen standen 405 gewonnene Lebensjahre gegenüber. Insgesamt ließen sich Kosten pro gerettetes Lebensjahr in Höhe von DM 20 674,- (DM 17 314,-, diskontiert mit 3% p. a.) errechnen. Der sekundärpräventive Einsatz von Pravastatin bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit in Deutschland ist als kosteneffektiv zu bezeichnen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herz 25 (2000), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Atherosclerosis ; Coronary artery disease ; Inflammation ; Cholesterol ; HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ; Schlüsselwörter Atherosklerose ; Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Entzündung ; Cholesterin ; HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Hemmer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Atherosklerose besitzt viele Merkmale einer chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankung. Atherosklerotische Läsionen enthalten Entzündungszellen, aktivierte T-Lymphozyten und Makrophagen. Auch nach Korrektur für etablierte kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren können systemische Marker einer Entzündung, wie Leukozyten, C-reaktives Protein, Serumamyloid A, Interleukin 6 und lösliche Adhäsionsmoleküle, zur Abschätzung des Risikos für künftige kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse beitragen. Atherogene Lipoproteine, insbesondere modifizierte Lipoproteine niedriger Dichte (LDL), verursachen entzündliche Reaktionen zellulärer Elemente der Gefäßwand, zum Beispiel Störungen den Endothelzellfunktion oder die Aktivierung von Makrophagen. Die Behandlung mit Hemmstoffen der HMG-CoA-Reduktase hat sich als die bislang wirksamste Maßnahme zur Absenkung der Konzentration der LDL erwiesen. Füf prospektive klinische Studien haben überzeugend belegt, daß HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Hemmer die Inzidenz kardiovaskulärer Ereignisse in der Primär- und Sekundärprävention nachhaltig vermindern können. Post-hoc-Analysen dieser Studien lassen vermuten, daß die klinischen Effekte der HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Hemmer nicht allein durch ihre Effekte auf die Konzentrationen zirkulierender Lipoproteine zu erklären sein könnten. In vitro zeigten HMG-CoA-Reduktase-Hemmer antiinflammatorische Wirkungen auf Zellen der Gefäßwand, die zur Erklärung ihrer lipidunabhängigen Wirkungen herangezogen werden. Es ist aber bisher ungeklärt, ob die Befunde auch für die Situation in vivo relevant sind. Nur in weiteren Untersuchungen kann geklärt werden, welche relative Bedeutung Cholesterinsenkung und zusätzliche Effekte für die Summe der klinischen Wirkungen der Statintherapie besitzen.
    Notes: Abstract Atherosclerosis has many features of a chronic inflammatory disease. Atherosclerotic lesions contain inflammatory cells like activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Systemic markers of inflammation such as white blood cells, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, interleukin 6 and soluble adhesion molecules are predictive of future cardiovascular events, even after adjustment for the contribution of established cardiovascular risk factors. Atherogenic lipoprotein particles, in particular modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL), elicit pro-inflammatory responses of cellular elements of the vessel wall, including endothelial dysfunction and activation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors has proven the most successful strategy to reduce the concentration of LDL in the circulatory system. These compounds lower LDL cholesterol by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway in the liver, which in turn depletes the regulatory pool of cholesterol and enhances the activity of LDL receptors. Five prospective clinical trials have convincingly demonstrated that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors can effectively lower the incidence of cardiovascular events in primary and secondary prevention. Post hoc analyses of these trials suggest that the clinical benefit brought about by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may not entirely be due to their effect on the levels of circulating lipoproteins. In-vitro observations of anti-inflammatory actions of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on vascular cells have been suggested to explain effects beyond lipid-lowering. It is, however, not clear whether these findings are relevant to the in-vivo situation. Further investigation is now necessary in order to determine the relative significance of cholesterol lowering and of ancillary effects to the overall clinical benefit of statin treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 337 (1990), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 12 (1991), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An immunoblotting method for the determination of apolipoprotein E (apoE) phenotypes has been developed. Delipidated plasma proteins are focused in an immobilized pH gradient, and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. ApoE isomorphs are identified by immunoperoxidase staining. The method allows reproducible assignment of apoE phenotypes without isolation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Only small amounts of serum are required. There are several important steps in the procedure: (i) delipidation is indispensable, (ii) carrier ampholytes have to be added to the gels and to the sample buffer, and, (iii) on immunostaining, polyvinylidene difluoride membrane provide an excellent signal-to-background ratio.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Apolipoprotein B-100 is the principal protein component of lipoproteins with very low, intermediate, and low density. The interaction of apoB-100 with low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors is responsible for the uptake of LDL into cells. An AT-rich hypervariable region is located adjacent to the 3′ end of the apoB gene. It consists of a variable number of tandemly repeated sequences (VNTR). Two approaches were used to analyze this polymorphism. In both, the region harboring the VNTR was amplified with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first method, fluorescently labeled primers were used in the PCR reactions and products were separated in agarose gels by means of an automated fluorescent fragment analyzer. In the second method, PCR products were analyzed in denaturing polyacrylamide gels and detected with silver staining. Even in the highly sophisticated automated system, agarose gel electrophoresis did not always enable unequivocal assignment of VNTR alleles. In contrast, denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis made it possible to distinguish the 15 bp differences between the VNTR alleles in a precise and simple manner. The VNTR polymorphism was typed in 234 individuals. Among these were 136 patients with coronary artery disease and 74 healthy controls. Thirteen alleles could be distinguished. The allele containing 49 repeats (VNTR-49) was found in 9.2% of the coronary artery disease patients and in 4.7% of the controls. Thus, the VNTR-49 allele increases relative coronary risk by about twofold. It is concluded that the apoB VNTR polymorphism is a potentially useful genetic marker. Since agarose gel electrophoresis may lead to ambiguous results, we prefer typing by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This has to be accounted for, especially if the apoB VNTR polymorphism is applied to forensic studies.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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