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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In vitro studies on cell lines may allow analyses of the mechanisms of immunogenicity and tolerogenicity in cells. We used a model of oncogenic transformation of an established murine macrophage cell line and report here that one v-mos-transformed clone expressing unaltered high amounts of MHC class I and II antigens does not induce proliferation of unprimed T cells in primary mixed lymphocyte reactions, in sharp contrast to its non-transformed parental cells. Interestingly, this clone induces specific unrespon-siveness, as revealed by the lack of responsiveness of MHC-specific T cells when subsequently exposed to the pertinent MHC alloantigens in immunogenic form but unaltered MHC-third party responsiveness of the naive spleen T cells. Furthermore, the accessory function of this clone is strongly reduced. These functional defects could be overcome by the addition of exogenous interleukin-1α (IL-1α). Analysis of mRNA expression showed a significant and selective reduction of IL-1α mRNA levels when compared with parental cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 37 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Numerous studies have demonstrated that the generation of alloreactive effector cells depends on cytokines. Conversely, there is evidence that cytokine metabolism is altered at the clonal level in tolerant chimaeras. This has led to preclinical and clinical studies using antibodies that antagonize interleukin-2 (IL-2), with the hope of achieving immunosuppression and inducing tolerance. Monoclonal antibodies against the α-chain (p55) of the human IL-2 receptor are being applied to prevent transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease in several clinical trials. The antibodies that have been applied clinically so far antagonize the binding of IL-2 to the IL-2 receptor α-chain which is part of the high affinity IL-2 receptor, but they do not deplete the receptor-bearing cells. Our study investigates the immunosuppressive effect of monoclonal antibodies against the α-chain (p55) and β-chain (p75). In mixed lymphocyte cultures the p55 antibody causes a reduction in T-cell proliferation to about 50%. The generation of cytotoxic T cells is reduced more effectively (up to 80%). By additional blocking of the IL-2 receptor β-chain we achieved an additional but still incomplete immunosuppressive effect. Moreover we show that IL-2 receptor-blocked alloreactive T cells escape suppression by using IL-4 as an alternative stimulating signal. To prevent T lymphocytes benefiting from this alternative and thwarting the immunosuppressive effect, cytotoxic IL-2 receptor antibodies that deplete the high affinity receptor-bearing cells are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 195 (1962), S. 718-718 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This conclusion was supported by recent experiments which were an attempt to localize the transfer factor in question. First, the parabiosis was substituted by continuous cross-transfusion (that is, bilateral carotid artery-jugular vein anastomosis), and glomerulonephritis was transferred on 5 out ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) were derived from bulbi of cornea donors and maintained in culture. The timespan between donor's death and cell cultivation ranged from 2 to 122 h. The mean numbers of hours was 25.6 (n = 130). After IFN-y stimulation, cells were serologically typed for class I and class II antigens. Unclear class I allospecificities were verified by one-dimensional isoelectric focusing. Data from the serological typing of lymphocytes and those of the serological and biochemical typing of RPE from the same donors were compared in 22 cases. There was a discrepancy of less than 5%, whereby either the typing on lymphocytes could not identify some specificities declared as blanks or the RPE typing had failed to clearly define a specificity. Our data show that the strategy adopted here is very successful for tissue typing post mortem, thus increasing the number of available HLA-matched corneas and consequently reducing the number of corneal graft rejections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 185 (1972), S. 235-244 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Xenogene, interlamelläre Hornhaut-Transplantate wurden mit einer speziell dafür entwickelten Methode bei LEW-Ratten durchgeführt, um erstmals an Inzuchttieren die transplantationsimmunologischen Vorgänge bei der Keratoplastik verfolgen zu können. Die Transplantatreaktionen wurden mit dem Spaltlampenmikroskop beobachtet und nach Ausmaß und Geschwindigkeit der Vascularisation, Zeitpunkt der Eintrübung und Abstoßung des Transplantates in 5 Grade eingeteilt und ausgewertet: 1. 20 Meerschweinchen-Hornhaut-Transplantate auf unvorbehandelten Empfängern waren nach 26–33 Tagen unter Ulceration abgestoßen. 2. Transplantate auf aktiv sensibilisierten Empfängern wurden nach 7–12 Tagen, d.h. signifikant beschleunigt abgestoßen, in 15/15 Fällen nach Haut-Transplantation und in 8/8 Fällen nach Hornhaut-Transplantation in das andere Auge. 3. Transplantate auf passiv sensibilisierten Empfängern wurden ebenfalls beschleunigt abgestoßen: i.v. Injektion von 2,5 bzw. 7,5 ml LEW-anti-Meerschweinchenhaut-Serum bewirkte bei je 6 Versuchstieren Transplantatabstoßung nach 19–22 Tagen; Injektion von 2,5×108 Lymphknotenzellen syngener, aktiv sensibilisierter Tiere bewirkte bei 5/5 Tieren etwa dieselbe Beschleunigung; Kombination von 2,5 ml Antiserum mit 2,5×108 Zellen bewirkte in 6/6 Fällen Transplantatabstoßung nach 9–11 Tagen, d.h. signifikant stärkere Beschleunigung. Der Nachweis des second-set-Phänomens sowie die Übertragbarkeit gesteigerter Reaktionsfähigkeit durch Serum, lymphatische Zellen und insbesondere durch deren Kombination werden als Beweis immunologischer Reaktivität bei xenogener Keratoplastik angesehen.
    Notes: Summary A newly developed method for interlamellar, xenogeneic corneal grafting in rats was applied to enable thorough immunological analysis of keratoplasty for the first time using inbred animals (LEW rats). Graft reactions were studied under a slit-lamp microscope and graded according to extent and speed of corneal vascularization, time of clouding, and graft rejection. 1. 20 guinea pig corneal grafts were rejected by previously untreated recipients after 26–33 days, leaving a corneal ulcer. 2. Grafts applied to actively presensitized recipients were rejected after 7–12 days, i.e. significantly accelerated: in 15/15 experiments following skin grafting and in 8/8 cases following corneal grafting of the other eye. 3. Grafts applied to passively presensitized recipients were also rejected in an accelerated fashion: i.v. injection of 2.5 ml or 7.5 ml of LEW-anti-guinea pig skin-serum induced in 2 × 6 experiments graft rejection after 19–22 days; injection of 2.5 × 108 lymph node cells from syngeneic, actively sensitized rats induced in 5 cases nearly the same; combination of 2.5 ml antiserum and 2.5 × 108 lymphoid cells induced in 6/6 experiments graft rejection after 9–11 days, i.e. a significantly increased acceleration. The above evidence of a second-set-phenomenon and for transfer of increased anti-graft reactivity by serum, lymphoid cells, and especially by their combination is presented as proof of immunological reactivity in xenogeneic keratoplasty.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 190 (1974), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Transplantationsimmunologische Reaktionen werden erstmals bei Inzuchtratten abhängig vom Grad der Histoinkompatibilität nach interlamellärer Transplantation von 2,6 mm großen Hornhautscheibchen in zwei Versuchsanordnungen nachgewiesen: 1. Hornhauttransplantate zeigen in Versuchsgruppen von je 20–25 Tieren Eintrübung und Vascularisation in zwei verschiedenen Stammkombinationen (CAP→ LEW, RtH-1-inkompatibel und CDF→LEW, RtH-1-identisch) über einen Zeitraum von 4–20 Tagen in signifikant verschiedenem Ausmaß. Beide Reaktionsverläufe sind außerdem wesentlich stärker und länger anhaltend als syngene Einheilungskontrollen. 2. Hauttransplantate 40 Tage nach Keratoplastik übertragen, werden in Versuchsgruppen von 20–30 Tieren nur in der ersten Stammkombination als Ausdruck systemischer Sensibilisierung durch nicht gewebs-(cornea-) spezifische Transplantationsantigene beschleunigt abgestoßen. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Gewebstypisierung für die Hornhautübertragung diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary For the first time immunological reactivity has been established between inbred strains of rats, and is shown to depend on the degree of histoincompatibility after interlamellar transplantation of corneal discs 2.6 mm in diameter. This was achieved in two experimental sets as follows: 1. In experimental groups of 20–25 animals each, opacification and vascularization of the corneal graft was significantly different during a period of 4–20 days in two inbred strains (CAP→LEW, RtH-1-incompatible and CDF→LEW RtH1-identical). In addition, both reactions were essentially more pronounced and of a longer duration than syngenic healing controls. 2. In experimental groups of 20–30 animals, full-thickness skin-grafts which were grafted 40 days after keratoplasty were rejected as second-sets only in the first inbred strain, i.e. the incompatible strain combination. This means that systemic sensitization is not caused by tissue-(cornea-) specific antigens but by species-specific transplantation antigens. These results are discussed with reference to the importance of histoincompatibility for corneal grafting.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 191 (1974), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die transplantationsimmunologische Bedeutung der Lokalisation des Hornhauttransplantates und damit des Abstandes der Transplantationsantigene vom Limbusgefäßsystem wurde durch interlamelläre Hornhautverpflanzung bei Inzuchtratten untersucht. Die Reaktionen wurden nach Vaskularisations- und Eintrübungsgraden beurteilt. Zentral verpflanzte Hornhautscheibchen (ø 2,6 mm) heilten im schwach (CDF→LEW, RtH-1-identisch) wie im stark (CAP→LEW, RtH-1-inkompatibel) histoinkompatiblen System in je 20/20 Versuchen reaktionslos ein, wohingegen limbusnahe Transplantation schon im schwachen System zu deutlichen Reaktionen in 20/20 Versuchen führte. Durch die Reaktion gegen 30 Tage später übertragene Hauttransplantate wurde in je 20/20 Versuchen gezeigt, daß limbusnahe, nicht aber zentrale Hornhaut-Verpflanzung eine systemische Sensibilisierung bewirkt hatte, d.h. daß der afferente Sensibilisiereungsschenkel bei zentraler Lokalisation der Transplantationsantigene blockiert war. Nach Einheilung eines zentralen Transplantates war auch der efferente Schenkel blockiert, denn eine Sensibilisierung durch dreimalige Hauttransplantation führte im stark histoinkompatiblen System in 20/20 Versuchen nicht zur Reaktion gegen das Hornhauttransplantat. Die Inakzessibilität zentraler Transplantate konnte durch Vorsensibilisierung im stark inkompatiblen System bereits durch einmalige limbusnahe Hornhaut- (n=8) oder einmalige Hauttransplantation (n=12) oder durch 3×8,0 ml Blutübertragung (n=12) aufgehoben werden, dagegen im schwach inkompatiblen System nur durch dreimalige Hauttransplantation (n=15).
    Notes: Summary The immunological role of graft localization, i.e. the distance of graft antigens from the vascular network, was studied by interlamellar corneal allografting in inbred rats. The graft reactions were evaluated according to the degree of vascularization and opacification. Centrally grafted corneae (ø 2.6 mm) were accepted in an intermediate system (CDF→LEW, RtH-1-identical) as well as in a strongly histoincompatible system (CAP→LEW, RtH-1-incompatible), proved in 20/20 experiments each. On the other hand grafts applied next to the limbus induced reactions in 20/20 experiments even in the intermediate system. The type of reactions against skin grafts applied 30 days following corneal grafts suggested that systemic sensitization could be induced only by limbal but not by central grafting in 20/20 experiments each. It was concluded that the afferent limb of sensitization could be blocked by central graft localization. In addition blockade of the efferent limb reaching a healed-in central graft was suggested by inefficiency of sensitization induced by three successive skin grafts in the strongly histoincompatible system in 20/20 experiments. However the inaccessibility of centrally localized graft antigens was broken by presensitization: in the strong system already by one limbal corneal graft (n=8), or one skin graft (n=12) or blood transfusion (3×8.0 ml, n=12); in the intermediate system only by three successive skin grafts (n=15).
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 202 (1977), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Inzuchtratten wurden untersucht, um festzustellen, unter welchen Bedingungen durch Sensibilisierungen eine Uveitis ausgelöst werden kann. Nach 50 Tagen biomikroskopischer Beobachtung und anschließender histologischer Untersuchung von 119 Augen wurde bei pigmentierten CAP-Ratten (RtH-1c), die mit Augen-, Leber- oder Nierengewebe (Meerschweinchen) praesensibilisiert worden waren, folgende Ergebnisse gefunden: 1. entzündliche Veränderungen nur nach zusätzlichen operativen Eingriffen an Linse (Discission) und Regenbogenhaut (Iridotomie); 2. wie bei der phakogenen Ophthalmie (lens-induced uveitis) des Menschen entzündliche Veränderungen erst nach Abklingen der Traumatisierungsfolgen, klinisch in Form eines proteinreichen Exsudates, histologisch in Form von Rundzellenansammlungen in der Uvea anterior, in Umgebung der Linse und der Netzhautgefäße; 3. Abhängigkeit dieser entzündlichen Veränderungen von der Sensibilierung mit xenogenem Gewebe; 4. Abhängigkeit dieser entzündlichen Veränderungen vom Tierstamm, d.h. Fehlen entsprechender Veränderungen bei albino LEWIS-Ratten (RtH-11).
    Notes: Summary Inbred rats have been studied to determine under what circumstances sensitization will or will not induce uveitis. After 50 days of biomicroscopic follow-up and histologic evaluation of 119 eyes the following was found in black hooded CAP-rats (RtH-1c) presensitized to eye, liver or kidney (guinea pig): 1. Alterations only following additional damage to their own tissue by lens discission plus iridotomy. 2. As in the case of lens-induced uveitis in humans, alterations after the dis-appearance of traumatization reaction in the form of protein-rich exudate clinically and an accumulation of round cells in the anterior uvea, surrounding the lens and retinal vessels histologically 3. Dependence of these alterations on sensitization by xenogenic tissue 4. Dependence of the alterations on the animal strain, i.e. absence in albino LEW (RtH-11)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 210 (1979), S. 251-259 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Frage der Immunpathogenese des Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndroms (VKHS) wurden periphere Blutlymphocyten einer Patientin mit VKHS sowie von 7 bzw. 6 Patienten mit isolierter Chorioretinitis bzw. Encephalitis ungeklärter Ätiologie auf eine Sensibilisierung im zellgebundenen Immunsystem gegen verschiedene Antigene (myelines basisches Protein (BP), uveo-retinale-, Hirn- und Milzhomogenisate) mit Hilfe des Elektro-Motilitätstestes und Leukocyten-Migrationstestes untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen beim VKHS positive Befunde gegenüber BP, Uvea-Retina und Hirngewebe. Bei Chorioretinitis waren ausgeprägte Reaktionen nur gegen uveo-retinales und bei Encephalitis gegen Hirngewebe nachweisbar, Milzgewebe war in allen Fällen negativ. Es wird diskutiert, inwiefern die beim VKHS nachgewiesene gewebsspezifische Immunreaktion, die von der immunologischen mono-Reaktivität der Vergleichsgruppen abzugrenzen ist, ein charakterisierendes Phänomen dieses Syndroms darstellen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Regarding immunopathogenesis of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKHS), peripheral blood lymphocytes of a female patient with this disease were tested for sensitization against several antigens such as myelinic basic protein (BP) and uveoretinal, brain and spleen tissue homogenates. For comparison, cells of seven patients with chorioretinitis only and cells of six patients with encephalitis of unknown etiology were also tested. Cells of healthy donors served as controls. The electromobility test and the leucocyte migration test were used as in vitro test systems for cell-mediated immunological reactivity. The results show a strong sensitivity against BP and uveoretinal and brain tissue homogenates in VKHS. In the patients suffering from chorioretinitis, a strong reactivity against uveoretinal homogenate only was found, while in patients with encephalitis, responses to brain antigens only were observed. Reactions towards spleen tissue homogenate were negative in all experiments. The extent to which this tissuespecific immunological reactivity, which is different from the monoreactivity in chorioretinitis or encephalitis, might be a characteristic phenomenon of the VKHS is discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 157 (1972), S. 198-201 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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