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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Rain in Dispersal of Pathogen Inoculum (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 27 (1989), S. 241-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001325
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The production and release of ascospores of Pyrenopeziza brassicae on oilseed rape (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 39 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results of observation for three seasons in oilseed rape crops of the production and release of ascopores of Pyrenopeziza brassicae, the cause of light leaf spot disease of brassicas, are presented. Large apothecia (1–2 mm in diameter) take at least 3 weeks to develop on leaf petioles after infected leaves die, but small apothecia (50–200 um) may form on leaf lamellae after about 15 days. Apothecia were found on all 12 oilseed rape varieties examined. Spore trapping experiments in infected crops show that ascospore release is associated with rain, but most ascospores are released after rainfall when the crop debris bearing apothecia are wet. Ascospores can be released for up to 5 days after rain. Laboratory measurements show that apothecia can continue to release ascospores for up to 3 weeks even when they are subjected to wet and dry cycles. The consequences of the widespread occurrence of the sexual stage of P. brassicae are discussed and possible cycles of disease and spore production in oilseed crops are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1990.tb02471.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersal of conidia of Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis from infected lentil plants by simulated wind and rain (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 43 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Splash was shown to be an effective mechanism for short-range dispersal of conidia of Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, the cause of ascochyta blight of lentil. The dispersal gradients were well described by the power law model in its linear form, Iny= Ina-b Inx. In still air the slope of the linearized dispersal gradient, b, ranged from 2.83 to 4.07 and was steeper for 4.9 mm than for 3.9 mm incident drops. Nevertheless, for all drop sizes tested, fewer than 50% of the conidia were splashed more than 15 cm from the source. The pattern of conidium dispersal was similar for both drop sizes when horizontal windspeeds were 2.5 or 5 m/s. Wind significantly decreased the value of b (range 2.35-2.43 at 2.5 m/s, 1.71–1.91 at 5 m/s) and increased by about 2 m the maximum distance that conidia in ballistic droplets were deposited. In addition, the experiments suggested two other potentially important mechanisms for dispersal of the pathogen over longer distances, namely conidia in small air-borne droplets and windblown leaflets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb00552.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerodynamic diameter of conidia of Alternaria species (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 42 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The aerodynamic diameters of conidia of five species of Alternaria and Stemphylium botryosum were estimated using an inertial impaction method based on a May Ultimate Impactor. The same technique was used to estimate the aerodynamic diameter of unidentified Alternaria species collected from an oilseed rape crop. Aerodynamic diameters tended to increase with spore length or diameter and ranged from about 10 to 40 μm, although spore length ranged from about 10 to 220 μm. It was also found that the aerodynamic diameter, and therefore the fall speed of Alternaria-like spores, can be estimated from cylinders of unit density and the same length and mean diameter of the spores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01501.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical dispersal of plant pathogens by splashing. Part II: experimental study of the relationship between raindrop size and the maximum splash height (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 38 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This paper describes a simple experimental test of the theoretical relationship between raindrop diameter and maximum splash height proposed by Walklate (1989). This relationship contains two empirical parameters to model the characteristics of a splash target that limits upward movement of splash droplets. These parameters are estimated by fitting the proposed relationship to measurements of the maximum height of splashing from a variety of targets including leaves, straw and water films on horizontal plane surfaces. The experimental technique provides a simple and meaningful way to characterize the behaviour of splashing from plant material. This information can be applied to describe the upward movement of inoculum in crop canopies during rainfall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01428.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The incorporation of pathogen spores into rain-splash droplets: a modelling approach (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Simple, theoretical, physical principles and existing experimental data were used to derive an analytical model to describe the incorporation of plant pathogen spores into splash droplets. Data were obtained from experiments on splash dispersal of spores of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (cereal eyespot), Pyrenopeziza brassicae (oilseed rape light leaf spot) and Septoria nodorum (wheat glume blotch). In these experiments, incident drops of diameter 4–5 mm were allowed to fall onto spore suspensions 0.5 mm deep with 1.2 × 105 to 6.5 × 105 spores/mL. The analytical model was constructed as the product of three functions of droplet diameter which described, respectively, the frequency distribution of droplet diameters, the proportion of droplets carrying spores and the mean number of spores in spore-carrying droplets in each diameter category. The frequency distribution of droplet sizes was described by a log-normal distribution, the proportion of droplets carrying spores was described by an exponential function and the adimensional spore concentration in spore-carrying droplets was described by a power law. The cumulative proportions of spores in droplets in diameter categories of increasing diameter were calculated to compare observed and fitted data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-141.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the relationships between environmental factors (aeroallergens, air pollution, and weather) and asthma emergency admissions to a hospital in Mexico City (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There have been several studies of the relationships between environmental factors, particularly air pollution, and attacks of asthma. Most of these studies have ignored the potential confounding effects of aeroallergens such as pollens and fungal spores. We report a statistical analysis of the relationships between emergency admissions for asthma to a hospital in Mexico City and daily average airborne concentrations of pollen, fungal spores, air pollutants (O3, NO3, SO3. and particulates) and weather factors. Asthma admissions had a seasonal pattern with more during the wet season (May-October) than the dry season (November-April). There were few statistical associations between asthma admissions and air pollutants for the three age groups studied (children under 15 years, adults, and seniors [adults over 59 years]) in either season. Grass pollen was associated with child and adult admissions for both the wet and dry seasons, and fungal spores were associated with child admissions during both the wet and dry seasons. The analysis was done with environmental data averaged over the day of admission and the 2 previous days. Our results suggest that aeroallergens may be statistically associated more strongly with asthma hospital admissions than air pollutants and may act as confounding factors in epidemiologic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03911.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature on the development of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of temperature on the development of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on winter oilseed rape were investigated in controlled-environment experiments. The proportion of conidia which germinated on leaves, the growth rate of germ tubes, the severity of light leaf spot and the production of conidia increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 15 C. The time to 50% germination of conidia and the incubation and latent periods of light leaf spot lesions decreased when temperature increased from 5 to 15°C. At 20°C, however, light leaf spot severity and production of conidia were less and the incubation and latent periods were longer than at 15 C. There were differences between P brassicae isolates and oilseed rape cultivars in the severity of light leaf spot, the production of conidia and the length of the incubation period but not in the length of the latent period. The responses to temperature for lesion severity and incubation and latent periods appeared to be approximately linear over the temperature range 5-15°C and could be quantified using linear regression analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02715.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and Pyrenopeziza brassicae in oilseed rape crops by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The potential use of DNA-based methods for detecting airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and Pyrenopeziza brassicae, both damaging pathogens of oilseed rape, was investigated. A method for purifying DNA from spores collected using Hirst-type spore samplers and detecting it using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays is described. For both pathogens, the sensitivities of the DNA assays were similar for spore-trap samples and pure spore suspensions. As few as 10 spores of L. maculans or P. brassicae could be detected by PCR and spores of both species could be detected against a background of spores of six other species. The method successfully detected spores of P. brassicae collected using spore traps in oilseed rape crops that were infected with P. brassicae. Leptosphaeria maculans spores were detected using spore traps on open ground close to L. maculans-infected oilseed rape stems. The potential use of PCR detection of airborne inoculum in forecasting the diseases caused by these pathogens is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00721.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Splash dispersal of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides spores in wheat monocrop and wheat–clover bicrop canopies from simulated rain (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Simulated rain was allowed to fall onto spore suspensions of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. The resulting splash droplets were collected on horizontal traps at the bottom of a canopy and at 12 cm above treatments comprising no-crop, wheat monocrop and a wheat–clover bicrop. The number of conidia collected on horizontal traps declined exponentially with distance from the inoculum source. The mean number of spores collected in the absence of any crop was twice that in a monocrop; in the monocrop it was twice that in the bicrop. Both splash droplet and spore deposition gradients were steeper in the monocrop treatment than in no-crop, and shallower in bicrop than in monocrop. Evidence is presented that suggests the clover canopy acts as a secondary source for the redistribution of previously dispersed droplets and spores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-195.x
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