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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Emotional distress ; Gender differences ; Medical utilization ; Social class ; Somatic symptoms ; Women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aim: Gender differences in morbidity have been widely confirmed in representative health surveys in North America and Europe. Significantly more women than men suffer from somatic complaints. It is less clear whether differences in symptom reporting provide an impact on health care utilization and to which degree psychosocial factors exhibit confounding influence. Methods: We analyzed data from a representative health examination survey in Germany with 7466 participants in the age range of 25 to 69 years. Results: The analysis confirmed an overall excess in female symptom reporting, both in the total sample (n = 7460; p ≤ 0.001) and in the healthy subsample (n = 906, p ≤ 0.01). Also, female utilization of medical services was higher (p ≤ 0.0001). A simultaneous age related increase in the prevalence of symptom reporting in both groups peaked in the age group of 55–59 years followed by a subsequent slight decrease in higher age groups whereas utilization steadily increased over the adult life span in both sexes. As expected, more medical utilization was associated with higher symptom reporting levels. Nevertheless, females constantly exhibited more medical utilization than males in all symptom reporting groups. Age and marital status had no univariate influence on symptom reporting whereas low social class status (p = 0.001), poor perceived/self assessed health (p 〈 0.0001), and high levels of chronic distress (p 〈 0.0001) were associated with more symptom reporting. In multivariate analysis, the female gender lost its significance on heightened symptom reporting. Poor perceived/self assessed health had the most pronounced impact on symptom count (F-value 59.1; p 〈 0.001). Conclusions: The present study confirms a female excess of symptom reporting and utilization of medical services. Nevertheless, symptom reporting and utilization are not closely related. The gender gap in symptom reporting may be largely explained by low social class status, high levels of chronic distress and poor perceived/self assessed health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tachyarrhythmie ; Kardioverter Defibrillator ; Psychogene Triggerung ; Emotional-kognitive Faktoren ; Key words Tachyarrhythmia ; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ; Emotional stress ; Psychic arousal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Tachyarrhytmias often occur during increased emotional arousal or mental excitation. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) allows the exact documentation of arrhythmic episodes and their time of onset. Therefore, the type of arrhythmia can be differentiated as well as the circumstances surrounding the event. These features allow the assessment of possible psychic arrhythmogenic factors in the natural environment. We analyzed the ICD-protocols of three male patients (in ages between 60 and 68), whose devices had successfully terminated a ventricular tachycardia and compared the onset of the episodes with the patients' detailed descriptions of the corresponding life situations. The analysis of the circumstances at the time of arrhythmia-onset revealed a relationship between the occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias in natural environment and emotional stress. The stressors could be defined as situations of increased vulnerability leading to sympathetic excitation. The induction of tachyarrhythmia was promoted in case 1 by acute psychic distress (public speaking), by the increasing panic-attack-like vicious circle of the cognitive anticipation of an unfavorable outcome (case 2), and an adverse anger reaction superimposed on persistent feelings of help- and hopelessness (case 3). These findings are in line with several experimental and epidemiological studies providing evidence for a relationship between psychic arousal and the induction of tachyarrhythmias. The knowledge of emotional and mental factors that function as a trigger for arrhythmias may lead to new therapeutic approaches in the prevention of sudden cardiac death.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Tachyarrhythmien treten häufig während erhöhter psychischer Erregung auf. Bei Patienten, bei denen ein Kardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) implantiert wurde, lassen sich arrhythmische Episoden und deren Onset-Zeitpunkt exakt aufzeichnen und erlauben so einerseits die Differenzierung der aufgetretenen Rhythmusstörung und andererseits eine detailliertere Analyse der situativen Umstände und möglicher an der Auslösung beteiligter psychischer Komponenten. In der vorliegenden einzelfallbezogenen Studie wurden bei 3 männlichen Patienten im Alter zwischen 60 und 68 Jahren, bei denen der ICD erfolgreich eine ventrikuläre Tachykardie terminiert hatte, die ICD-Protokolle und die damit korrespondierenden Patientenaussagen analysiert. Die Analyse der akuten Onset-Bedingungen konnte ausgeprägte Zusammenhänge zwischen lebensbedrohlichen Herzrhythmusstörungen in natürlicher Umgebung und emotionalen Stressoren aufdecken. Als Stressoren wurden unterschieden eine vulnerable Situation, die eine psychogene Triggerung maligner Arrhythmien bewirkte (Fall 1); eine Panikepisoden-ähnliche Erwartungsspannung (Fall 2) sowie eine aversive Ärgerreaktion, die auf dem Boden eines andauernden Zustandes von Hilf- und Ausweglosigkeit (Fall 3) einen besonders potenten sympathiko-exzitatorischen Stimulus darstellt. Dieses Ergebnis deckt sich mit einer Reihe von laborexperimentellen und epidemiologischen Studien, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen psychischer Erregung und der Entstehung von Tachyarrhythmien belegen. Die Berücksichtigung emotional-kognitiver Faktoren bei der Arrhythmogenese könnte ein Beitrag bei der Therapie zur Prävention des plötzlichen Herztodes werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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