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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hyperoxie ; N-Azetylzystein ; Sauerstoffverbrauch ; Gewebeoxygenierung ; Kardiale Risikopatienten ; Key words Hyperoxia ; N-acetylcysteine ; Whole-body oxygen uptake ; Tissue oxygenation ; Cardiac risk patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Hyperoxic ventilation, used to prevent hypoxia during potential periods of hypoventilation, has been reported to paradoxically decrease whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2). Reduction in nutritive blood flow due to oxygen radical production is one possible mechanism. We investigated whether pretreatment with the sulfhydryl group donor and O2 radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) would preserve VO2 and other clinical indicators of tissue oxygenation in cardiac risk patients. Methods. Thirty patients, requiring hemodynamic monitoring (radial and pulmonary artery catheters) because of cardiac risk factors, were included in this randomized investigation. All patients exhibited stable clinical conditions (hemodynamics, body temperature, hemoglobin, FIO2〈0.5). Cardiac output was determined by thermodilution and VO2 by cardiovascular Fick. After baseline measurements, patients randomly received either 150 mg kg−1 NAC (n=15) or placebo (n=15) in 250 ml 5% dextrose i.v. over a period of 30 min. Measurements were repeated 30 min after starting NAC or placebo infusion, 30 min after starting hyperoxia (FIO2=1.0), and 30 min after resetting the original FIO2. Results. There were no significant differences between groups in any of the measurements before treatment and after the return to baseline FIO2 at the end of the study, respectively. NAC, but not placebo infusion, caused a slight but not significant increase in cardiac index (CI), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Significant differences between groups during hyperoxia were: VO2 (NAC: 108±38 ml min−1m−2 vs placebo: 79±22 ml min−1m−2; P≤0.05), CI (NAC: 4.6±1.0 vs placebo: 3.7±1.11 min−1m−2; P≤0.05) and LVSWI (NAC: 47±12 vs placebo: 38±9; P≤0.05). The mean decrease of VO2 was 22% in the NAC group vs 47% in the placebo group (P≤0.05) and the mean difference between groups in venoarterial carbon dioxide gradient (PvaCO2) was 14% (P≤0.05). ST segment depression (〉0.2 mV) was significantly less marked in the NAC group (NAC: −0.02±0.17 vs placebo: −0.23±0.15; P≤0.05). Conclusions. NAC helped preserve VO2, oxygen delivery, CI, LVSWI and PvaCO2 during brief hyperoxia in cardiac risk patients. Clinical signs of myocardial ischemia did not occur such as ST-depression if patients were prophylactically treated with NAC. This suggests that pretreatment with NAC could be considered to attenuate impaired tissue oxygenation and to preserve myocardial performance better in cardiac risk patients during hyperoxia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hyperoxische Ventilation wird oft prophylaktisch angewandt. Dabei kommt es zu einem Abfall des globalen Sauerstoffverbrauchs (VO 2 ), bei kardialen Risikopatienten zu einer Exazerbation von myokardialen Ischämien. N-Azetylzystein (NAC) kann den VO 2 und die myokardiale Kontraktilität verbessern. Wir untersuchten, ob NAC unter Hyperoxie einen Einfluß auf klinische Parameter der Gewebeoxygenierung bei kardialen Risikopatienten hat. 30 Patienten, bei denen aufgrund ihrer kardialen Grunderkrankung ein erweitertes hämodynamisches Monitoring durchgeführt wurde, erhielten nach einer Ausgangsmessung randomisiert entweder 150 mg kg −1 NAC (n=15) oder Plazebo (n=15) i.v. über einen Zeitraum von 30 min. Die Messungen fanden 30 min nach NAC- oder Plazebogabe, 30 min nach hyperoxischer Ventilation und 30 min nach Ventilation unter der Ausgangs-F I O 2 statt. Signifikante Unterschiede fanden sich unter Hyperoxie zwischen den beiden Gruppen im Hinblick auf den VO 2 , den Herzindex und die linksventrikuläre Schlagarbeit. Der mittlere Abfall des VO 2 betrug in der NAC-Gruppe 22% und in der Plazebogruppe 47% (p≤0,05). Der venoarterielle CO 2 -Gradient lag in der NAC-Gruppe um 14% höher (p≤0,05). Die ST-Strecken-Senkung war unter NAC geringer (p≤0,05). Diese Ergebnisse könnten darauf hinweisen, daß die prophylaktische Gabe von NAC bei kardialen Risikopatienten zu einer verbesserten Gewebeoxygenierung unter Hyperoxie beitragen kann.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Procalcitonin ; Zytokin ; Infektion ; Sepsis ; Key words Procalcitonin ; Cytokine ; Infection ; Sepsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Procalcitonin (PCT), a glycoprotein consisting of 116 amino acids, has been proposed as a new marker of severe infection. The site of production under this condition remains unknown. The serum PCT concentration is determined by an immunoluminometric assay of 40 µl serum or plasma requiring approximately two hours. Elevations of PCT are for instance associated with levels of lipopolysaccharide and the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Bacterial, parasitic or fungal infections developing septic complications in contrast to local infections, often show values ex- ceeding 2 ng/ml. The specificity of the parameter in this context increases with its concentrations. Therapeutic actions that confine the infection locally are reflected by a decrease of the PCT value. PCT may be elevated within the first days after extended surgery or polytrauma, in some malignancies, heatstroke and during treatment of some hematologic diseases without an existing sepsis or severe infection. Previous studies indicate certain benefits of PCT compared to traditional markers of inflammation or sepsis, where the ability to indicate a generalized infection is the primary advantage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Procalcitonin (PCT), ein aus 116 Aminosäuren bestehendes Glykoprotein, wurde als neuer Parameter der schweren Infektion inauguriert. Sein Syntheseort in diesem Zusammenhang ist nicht bekannt. Mittels immunoluminometrischen Assays kann die PCT-Konzentration innerhalb von ca. 2 h aus 40 µl Serum oder Plasma bestimmt werden. PCT-Erhöhungen sind u.a. mit Lipopolysaccharid und mit den Zytokinen TNF-α und IL-6 assoziiert. Bakterielle, parasitäre und pilzbedingte generalisierte Infektionen weisen im Gegensatz zu lokal begrenzten Infekten häufig einen Wert über 2 ng/ml auf, wobei die Spezifität des Parameters mit der Höhe des Werts steigt. Therapeutische Maßnahmen, die zur lokalen Begrenzung der Infektion führen, resultieren in einem Abfall von PCT. In den ersten Tagen nach großen Operationen, Polytrauma, bei wenigen malignen Erkrankungen, Hitzschlag wie auch im Rahmen spezieller Behandlungen hämatologischer Krankheiten kann der Parameter erhöht sein, ohne daß eine Sepsis oder schwere Infektion vorliegt. Bisherige Studien legen nahe, daß PCT bei Patienten mit Sepsis im Vergleich zu traditionellen Entzündungs- bzw. Sepsisparametern Vorteile besitzt, wobei an erster Stelle die Eigenschaft, eine generalisierte Infektion anzuzeigen, zu nennen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 49 (2000), S. 1069-1076 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Keywords Dubutamine ; Adrenaline ; Noradrenaline ; Dopamine ; Dopexamine ; Sepsis ; Regional perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Die Frage nach dem sinnvollen Einsatz von Katecholaminen im Rahmen der Therapie von Patienten mit Sepsis erscheint überflüssig, denn in nahezu jedem Lehrbuch der Pharmakologie oder der Intensivmedizin finden sich Tabellen, die die Effekte der verschiedenen Katecholamine auf die einzelnen Rezeptortypen und auf die verschiedenen Organe bzw. Organsysteme darstellen (Tabelle 1, 2) Die heute bekannten globalen und regionalen Effekte der verschiedenen Katecholamine beruhen jedoch zum großen Teil auf tierexperimentellen Studien und Untersuchungen an nichtseptischen Patienten. Es muss jedoch davon ausgegangen werden, dass sich unter den Bedingungen der Sepsis die Effekte der Katecholamine – insbesonders auf regionaler Ebene – erheblich von denen unter nichtseptischen Bedingungen unterscheiden [1]. Eine Neubewertung der zur Verfügung stehenden Katecholamine, insbesondere bezüglich ihrer Effekte auf die Perfusion einzelner Organe ist daher unumgänglich. Bei septischen Patienten können die Effekte der Katecholamine im Vergleich zu Gesunden quantitativ und sogar qualitativ unterschiedlich ausfallen. Aufgrund der Bedeutung der Herzfunktion, des Gefäßstatus und der regionalen Perfusion müssen die Katecholamine bezüglich ihrer Effekte auf Herz, Kreislauf und Organperfusion bewertet werden. Insbesondere die regionalen Effekte der Katecholamine sind aber von besonderer Bedeutung, da die Gewebeminderperfusion und -hypoxie eine zentrale Rolle in der Genese und im Verlauf der Sepsis spielen. Insbesondere für den Gastrointestinaltrakt besteht der begründete Verdacht, dass eine Minderperfusion und damit einhergehend eine Hypoxie, eine Sepsis nicht nur unterhalten, sondern auch auslösen kann [5]. Der mangelnden Substratzufuhr in einzelnen Teilkreisläufen aufgrund von Störungen auf der Ebene von Makro- und Mikrozirkulation steht häufig ein durch die Sepsis induzierter gesteigerter Substrat- und Sauerstoffbedarf gegenüber. Obwohl unter den Bedingungen einer Sepsis die Perfusion des Splanchnikusgebietes relativ und absolut erhöht ist [27], muss mit einer relativen Minderperfusion gerechnet werden, da der Sauerstoffverbrauch im Splanchnikusgebiet deutlich höher als bei Patienten ohne Sepsis ist [44]. Empfehlungen zum Einsatz von Katecholaminen zu geben, ist nur möglich, wenn auch gleichzeitig definiert wird, welche therapeutischen Zielgrößen in der hämodynamischen Therapie bei septischen Patienten angestrebt werden sollten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion In contrary to TNF-α and IL-6, PCT differs in all stages of systemic inflammation proportional to severity in accordance with the consensus conference definitions. PCT values are helpful in newly and severely infected patients, primarily of bacterial cause. After endotoxin injection PCT increases shortly after TNF-α and before IL-6 (1). Hence PCT might serve as an early and dependable indicator in patients suffering from severe infection/systemic inflammation. The results have yet to be confirmed by greater sample sizes.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 25 (1999), S. 162-165 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To evaluate the advantages of a new three-lumen tube (Trelumina) and a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (EntriStar) with a jejunal insertion tube (PEGJ) as a safe method of early enteral nutrition and simultaneous gastric decompression as well as fast reduction of the high gastric reflux in critical care patients. Design: Retrospective, descriptive case series. Setting: Two anaesthesiological and one surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. Patients: Sixty-five consecutive critically ill patients with gastrojejunal dissociation. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score (APACHE II) was 19. Interventions: Placement of 46 Trelumina and 19 PEGJ under endoscopic control. Measurements and main results: None of the known percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) complications like wound infection, bleeding or organ perforation were seen. One secondary dislocation of the jejunal insertion tube and four dislocations of the jejunal part of the Trelumina were found. The average gastric reflux of the Trelumina and the PEGJ amounted to 1700 ± 230 ml/day. Forty-three patients showed a clear decrease in the gastric reflux to 450 ± 200 ml/day within the first 24 h of tube placement. The average time of reduction to normal gastric reflux volumes (0–200 ml/day) amounted to 4 ± 2 days. Forty-three (71 %) of the patients showed improved intestinal passage as expressed by regular peristalsis and defaecation. The price for 1 day enteral feeding via Trelumina or PEGJ was 10 times lower than 1 day total parenteral nutrition. Conclusions: Placement of the Trelumina and the PEGJ is a safe, successful and inexpensive means of early enteral nutrition and simultaneous gastric reflux reduction in critical care patients.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Intrathoracic blood volume ; Extravascular lung water ; Double-indicator dilution technique ; Thermodilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Transpulmonary double-indicator dilution is a useful monitoring technique for measurement of intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) and extravascular lung water (EVLW). In this study, we compared a simpler approach using single arterial thermodilution derived measurements of ITBV and EVLW with the double-indicator dilution technique.¶Design: Prospective observational clinical study.¶Setting: Surgical intensive care units of two university hospitals.¶Patients and methods: Global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) derived from single thermodilution was used for calculation of ITBV. Structural regression analysis of the first two thermo-dye dilution measurements in a derivation population of 57 critically ill patients (38 male, 19 female, 18–79 years, 56 ± 15 years) revealed ITBV = (1.25 · GEDV)–28.4 (ml). This equation was then applied to all first measurements in a validation population of 209 critically ill patients (139 male, 70 female, 10–88 years, mean 53 ± 19 years), and single-thermodilution ITBV (ITBVST) and EVLW (EVLWST) was calculated and compared to thermo-dye dilution derived values (ITBVTD, EVLWTD). For inter-individual comparison, absolute values for ITBV and EVLW were normalised as indexed by body surface area (ITBVI) and body weight (EVLWI), respectively.¶Measurements and results: Linear regression analysis yielded a correlation of ITBVIST = (1.05 · ITBVITD)–58.0 (ml/m2), r = 0.97, P 〈 0.0001. Bias between ITBVITD and ITBVIST was 7.6 (ml/m2) with a standard deviation of 57.4 (ml/m2). Single-thermodilution EVLWI (EVLWIST) was calculated using ITBVIST and revealed the correlation EVLWIST = (0.83 · EVLWITD) + 1.6 (ml/kg), r = 0.96, P 〈 0.0001. Bias between EVLWITD and EVLWIST was –0.2 (ml/kg) with a standard deviation of 1.4 (ml/kg). In detail, EVLWIST systematically overestimated EVLWITD at low-normal values for EVLWI and underestimated EVLWI at higher values (above 12 ml/kg).¶Conclusion: Determinations of ITBV and EVLW by single thermodilution agreed closely with the corresponding values from the double-indicator technique. Since transpulmonary single thermodilution is simple to apply, less invasive and cheaper, all these features make it a promising technique for the bedside. Nevertheless, further validation studies are needed in the future.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Septic shock ; Sepsis ; Splanchnic blood flow ; Splanchnic oxygen delivery ; Splanchnic oxygen consumption ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess global and splanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport in patients with sepsis with and without norepinephrine treatment. Design: Prospective, clinical study. Setting: University hospital intensive care unit. Patients: A convenience sample of 15 septic shock patients treated with norepinephrine and 13 patients with severe sepsis who did not receive norepinephrine. Measurements and main results: There were no differences between the two groups in global haemodynamics and oxygen transport. Splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery (splanchnic DO2 303±43ml/min per m2) and consumption (splanchnic VO2 100±13 ml/min per m2) were much higher in the septic shock group compared with the severe sepsis group (splanchnic DO2 175±19ml/min per m2, splanchnic VO2 61±6ml/min per m2). Gastric mucosal pH was subnormal in both groups (septic shock 7.29±0.02, severe sepsis 7.25±0.02) with no significant difference. No significant differences between groups were detected in lactate values. Conclusion: These data confirm a redistribution of blood flow to the splanchnic region in sepsis that is even more pronounced in patients with septic shock requiring norepinephrine. However, subnormal gastric mucosal pH suggested inadequate oxygenation in parts of the splanchnic region due to factors other than splanchnic hypoperfusion. Progress in this area will depend on techniques that address not only total splanchnic blood flow, but also inter-organ flow distribution, intra-organ distribution, and other microcirculatory or metabolic malfunctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Septic shock ; Sepsis ; Splanchnic blood flow ; Splanchnic oxygen delivery ; Splanchnic oxygen consumption ; Norepinephrine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To assess global and splanchnic blood flow and oxygen transport in patients with sepsis with and without norepinephrine treatment. Design Prospective, clinical study. Setting University hospital intensive care unit. Patients A convenience sample of 15 septic shock patients treated with norepinephrine and 13 patients with severe sepsis who did not receive norepinephrine. Measurements and main results There were no differences between the two groups in global haemodynamics and oxygen transport. Splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery (splanchnic DO2 303±43 ml/min per m2) and consumption (splanchnic VO2 100±13 ml/min per m2) were much higher in the septic shock group compared with the severe sepsis group (splanchnic DO2 175±19 ml/min per m2, splanchnic VO2 61±6 ml/min per m2). Gastric mucosal pH was subnormal in both groups (septic shock 7.29±0.02, severe sepsis 7.25±0.02) with no significant difference. No significant differences between groups were detected in lactate values. Conclusion These data confirm a redistribution of blood flow to the splanchnic region in sepsis that is even more pronounced in patients with septic shock requiring norepinephrine. However, subnormal gastric mucosal pH suggested inadequate oxygenation in part of the splanchnic region due to factors other than splanchnic hypoperfusion. Progress in this area will depend on techniques that address not only total splanchnic blood flow, but also inter-organ flow distribution, intra-organ distribution, and other microcirculatory or metabolic malfunctions.
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