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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the Alternative Promoters that Regulate Tissue-Specific Expression of Human Aromatic l-Amino Acid Decarboxylase (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 64 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Previously we identified two alternative first exons (exon N1 and exon L1) coding for 5′ untranslated regions of human aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and found that their alternative usage produced two types of mRNAs in a tissue-specific manner. To determine the cis-acting element regulating the tissue-specific expression of human AADC, we produced three kinds of transgenic mice harboring 5′ flanking regions of the human AADC gene fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. The transgene termed ACA contained −7.0 kb to −30 bp in exon N1, including the entire exon L1; ACN contained −3.6 kb to −30 bp in exon N1; and ACL contained −2.8 kb to −42 bp in exon L1. The ACA transgenic mice expressed CAT at extremely high levels in peripheral nonneuronal tissues, such as pancreas, liver, kidney, small intestine, and colon, that contained endogenous high AADC activity, whereas CAT immunoreactivity was not detected in either catecholaminergic or serotonergic neurons in the CNS. Thus, it was suggested that the ACA transgene contained the major part of cis-regulatory elements for the expression of AADC in peripheral nonneuronal tissues. On the other hand, the ACN transgenic mice moderately expressed CAT in various tissues except for the lung and liver, and the ACL transgenic mice showed moderate CAT expression only in the kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64020514.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of Catecholamine Phenotype in Transgenic Mice Influences Expression of Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Agonist-induced regulation of adrenergic receptors (ARs) has an important role in controlling physiological functions in response to changes in catecholamine stimulation. We previously generated transgenic mice expressing phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) under the control of a human dopamine β-hydroxylase gene promoter to switch catecholamine specificity from the norepinephrine phenotype to the epinephrine phenotype. In the present study, we first examined changes in catecholamine metabolism in peripheral tissues innervated by sympathetic neurons of the transgenic mice. In the transgenic target tissues, a high-level expression of PNMT led to a dramatic increase in the epinephrine levels, whereas the norepinephrine levels were decreased to 48.6–87.9% of the nontransgenic control levels. Analysis of plasma catecholamines in adrenalectomized mice showed large amounts of epinephrine derived from sympathetic neurons in the transgenic mice. Subsequently, we performed radioligand binding assays with (−)-[125I]iodocyanopindolol to determine changes in binding sites of β-AR subtypes. In transgenic mice, the number of β2-AR binding sites was 56.4–74.9% of their nontransgenic values in the lung, spleen, submaxillary gland, and kidney, whereas the β1-AR binding sites were regulated in a different fashion among these tissues. Moreover, northern blot analysis of total RNA from the lung tissues showed that down-regulation of β2 binding sites was accompanied by a significant decrease in steady-state levels of the receptor mRNA. These results strongly suggest that alteration of catecholamine specificity in the transgenic sympathetic neurons leads to regulated expression of the β-AR subtypes in their target tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65020492.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide enhances expression of inflammatory cytokines in murine locus coeruleus: possible role of increased norepinephrine turnover (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 94 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytokines and catecholamines are known to constitute a significant portion of the regulatory neuroimmune networks involved in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Although we have already reported an increase in norepinephrine (NE) turnover within the locus coeruleus (LC) at 2 and 4 h after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the implication of this increase remains unclear. In view of evidence that norepinephrine (NE) acts in an anti-inflammatory manner by way of negatively regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, we examined the inflammatory cytokine expression levels in the LC of C3H/HeN mice (male, 8 weeks old) after an i.p. LPS injection. The mRNA expression levels of the genes encoding IL-1β and TNF-α within the LC increased during the first 2 h, and showed two peaks, the first at 4 h and the second lesser one at 15 h after the LPS injection. Microglia, which are one of the major cell types that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS, were isolated from mouse neonate brains in order to clarify more precisely the relationship between the changes in NE content and the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines in the LC. Simultaneous incubation of microglia with LPS and NE enhanced the expression of IL-1β at both mRNA and protein levels, but reduced the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α. These data support the hypothesis that NE negatively regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, at least in the case of TNF-α, which action could contribute to the observed anti-inflammatory properties of NE. This report, based on the results of both in vivo and in vitro experiments, is the first to suggest a relationship between NE content and cytokine expression levels in the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03209.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological Sciences: Adrenal Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Dopamine β -Hydroxylase in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (1971)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 230 (1971), S. 381-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The rats were 4 months old, with blood pressures between 160 and 200 mm Hg. Normal Wistar rats of the same age raised in the same conditions were used as controls. The hypotensive effects of two newly described inhibitors of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine P-hydroxylase on SH rats are shown in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/230381a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between Parathyroid Function and Serum Aminopeptidase A Activity (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 213 (1967), S. 206-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During investigations of the effects of the parathyroid function on some serum enzyme activities, the activities of aminopeptidase A arid alkaline phosphatase in serum were found to have a significant positive correlation with the parathyroid functional states. On the other hand, similar serum ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/213206a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Flavins on Cramp caused by Phenol (1959)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1648-1648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The flavin mononucleotide was supplied by Hoffmann-La Roche Co. Flavin adenine dinucleotide was prepared by the method of Yagi et al.2 The phenol used was a commercial sample. Male albino rats weighing about 130 gm. were used for the experiment. Forty-five animals, 10 days after feeding under the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1841648a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Condensation Product of Ethylenediamine with Noradrenaline or 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid (1960)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 186 (1960), S. 310-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The condensation reaction of noradrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid or catechol with ethylenediamine and so-butanol extraction of the condensates were carried out as reported by Weil-Malherbe and Bone2. Each so-butanol extract was condensed and re-dissolved in a small amount of water. The ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/186310a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in 70 cases of functioning and non-functioning phaeochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma (1992)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 421 (1992), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Phaeochromocytoma ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Aromaticl-amino acid decarboxylase ; Dopamineβ hydroxylase ; Phenylethanolaminen-methyltransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical localization of the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamineN-methyltransferase (PNMT), was investigated in 70 cases of functioning and non-functioning phaeochromocytomas comprising 52 of adrenal and 18 of extra-adrenal origin. Of 59 functioning tumours, 30 were mixed epinephrine and norepinephrine-producing (mixed type) and 29 were norepinephrine-producing tumours. TH, AADC and DBH were detected in all functioning phaeochromocytomas, but PNMT was limited to the mixed-type phaeochromocytomas. Non-functioning phaeochromocytomas were divided into two groups, comprising a complete type, which induced neither elevated plasma catecholamines nor their metabolites in urine, and an incomplete type which exhibited no elevated plasma catecholamines, but showed a slightly high urinary vanillylmandelic acid level. In the non-functioning complete-type tumours, immunoreactive TH was negative, but the incomplete tumours of the adrenal medulla had all four enzymes, and corresponded to a mixed-type phaeochromocytoma. AADC and DBH were present universally in all functioning and non-functioning tumours, including TH-negative tumours. TH is a rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis and deficiency of TH is an important feature of extraadrenal non-functioning phaeochromocytomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607135
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localization of NO synthases in normal human skin and psoriatic skin (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 288 (1996), S. 625-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Keratinocyte ; Eccrine gland ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030050114
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient involvement of enkephalins in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the submandibular gland of rats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 529-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin-nerves ; Transient appearance ; Submandibular gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A time course study with enkephalin(Enk)-like immunoreactivity has revealed that nerve fibers intensely immunoreactive for Enk-8 appeared transiently only during the postnatal week 2 and 4 within the acini as well as in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues of the submandibular gland of rats. At these stages numerous nerve fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) appeared also in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and within the acini. Coincidently with these postnatal stages, abundant Enk-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells appeared in the superior cervical ganglion. These were not immunoreactive for neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). A substantial number of Enk-immunoreactive ganglion cells were also present in the submandibular ganglia at these younger postnatal stages. Superior cervical ganglionectomy at these stages resulted in a marked decrease in number of the inter- and intralobular Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers, a slight decrease in number of the intraacinar Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers, and almost complete disappearance of intraglandular TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Immuno-electron-microscopic analysis revealed that Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the submandibular gland were identified as electron-dense neuronal profiles enclosed by Schwann cells in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and those directly apposed to secretory cells within the acini. They contained small clear vesicles mixed with some large granular vesicles. After postnatal week 6, no Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the submandibular gland, and no TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen within the acini, while TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers remained numerous in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues. These findings indicate that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers exhibit Enk-like immunoreactivity transiently during postnatal weeks 2 and 4. It is further indicated that the inter- and intralobular nerve fibers lose Enk-like immunoreactivity while the intraacinar fibers disappear at the adult stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219743
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