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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary biliary cirrhosis: an orchestrated immune response against epithelial cells (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 174 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that predominantly affects women and is characterized by chronic progressive destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts with portal inflammation and ultimately fibrosis. The serologic hallmark of PBC is the presence of antibodies to mitochondria, especially to the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The mechanisms by which (and if) such antibodies produce liver tissue injury are unknown. However, the presence of these antibodies has allowed detailed immunological definition of the antigenic epitopes, the nature of reactive autoantibodies and the characterization of T-cell responses. Several mechanisms may now be proposed regarding the immune-mediated bile duct damage in PBC, including the possible role of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and intracellular interaction between the IgA class of antimitochondrial antibodies and mitochondrial autoantigens. There are major questions which remain unanswered, including, of course, etiology, but also the reasons for female predominance, the absence of PBC in children, the relative ineffectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs, and the specific role of mitochondrial antigens. The data so far provide suggestive evidence that PBC is a mucosal disease; this thesis provides a basis for discussion of etiology via the enterohepatic circulation of toxins and/or infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.017402.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human chorionic gonadotropin in primary liver carcinoma in adults (1986)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 409 (1986), S. 365-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Human chorionic gonadotropin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by extra-gonadal tumours is not a rare phenomenon. In the liver, similar results have been reported in hepatoblastomas. The present study was attempted to survey hCG level in serum and hCG-immunoreactivity in primary liver carcinoma in adults. Although hCG was elevated in serum in 2 (22.2%) of 9 autopsied cases with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the hCG-reactivity of carcinoma cells was found in 2 (2.1%) of 95 HCC cases. Carcinoma cells positive for immunoreactive hCG was found in 2 (15.4%) of 13 cases with cholangiocarcinoma (CC). The patients with hCG-immunoreactivity in carcinoma and/or elevated serum level of hCG failed to reveal distinct clinical and endocrinological disturbance due to excess hCG. The hCG-positive cells were focal within the carcinoma and showed poor histological differentiation in both HCC and CC, and there were no trophoblastic cells. It is suggested that hCG is one of the hormones produced by primary liver carcinoma in adults and can be localised immunohistochemically in a small number of poorly differentiated carcinoma cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00708253
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological study of intrahepatic cavernous transformation in a patient with primary myelofibrosis and portal venous thrombosis (1988)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 412 (1988), S. 339-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Portal venous thrombosis ; Cavernous transformation ; Collateral circulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cavernous transformation in the liver was examined histologically by serial section observations, in an autopsy case of portal venous thrombosis and primary myelofibrosis. Cavernous transformation was present from the hepatic hilus to medium-sized portal tracts and was composed of dilated and thin-walled vessels. Serial sections disclosed that these vascular channels were anastomotic and occasionally communicated with occluded portal venous radicles. In places they entered directly into the hepatic parenchyma without accompanying biliary or arterial elements, and also drained into the patent portal venous branches beyond the occluded segment. The study demonstrated that cavernous transformation in the liver develops as hepatopetal collaterals secondary to the portal venous obstruction. Periportal and peribiliary capillary plexus may become cavernous in the presence of portal venous occlusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750260
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytophotometric DNA analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma with Mallory bodies (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 416 (1989), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Mallory body ; DNA-histogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the pathological significance of Mallory body (MB) formation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cell nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content was measured microspectrophotometrically in 20 autopsied cases of HCC associated with cirrhosis and bearing many MBs. According to the degree of dispersion, the DNA histogram was classified into type I (diploid pattern), type II (hyperploid pattern) and type III (aneuploid pattern). Non-neoplastic hepatocytes of normal livers and of cirrhotic areas of the 20 HCC cases showed generally a diploid pattern (type I). In contrast, MB-positive HCC cells showed more hyperploidy or aneuploidy (type I: 0%; type II: 35%; and type III: 65%) compared with MB-negative HCC cells (type I: 25%; type II: 50%; and type III: 25%). These data suggest that MB formation in HCC is accompanied by a constant change of DNA content of HCC cells, though the causal relation between them is only speculative. Two separate HCC nodules in the same liver, both of which contained many MB-positive cells, showed the same type of DNA histogram pattern, suggesting the possibility that they were of a monoclonal origin and had spread discontinuously in the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606469
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathology of septum formation in primary biliary cirrhosis: A histological study in the non-cirrhotic stage (1991)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 419 (1991), S. 381-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Primary biliary cirrhosis ; Periportal necrosis ; Bridge formation ; Cirrhosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bridging or incomplete septum formation, an important step leading to cirrhosis in various chronic progressive liver diseases, was examined in 231 liver biopsy specimens of primary biliary cirrhosis (non-cirrhotic stage). Incomplete septa from the enlarged portal tracts and portal to portal bridges were frequent and appeared first, while portal to central ones appeared subsequently and became frequent in the liver specimens with changes resembling cirrhosis. These septa were divided into four types histologically: ductular, lymphocytic, loose connective tissue and fibrous type. More than one type was usually found in the same specimen. The pathology of the first three types was similar to and frequently continuous with that of neighbouring periportal regions, suggesting that most of these septa were formed by the extension of periportal destructive processes. The fibrous type might be an advanced form of the other three types. Incomplete septa seemed to pinch off part of the hepatic parenchyma in a hepatic lobule; this was followed by an unusual enlargement of the portal tracts and an approximation of portal tracts and central veins. There were perivenular hepatocellular necroses on occasion. Progression of periportal hepatocellular damage may lead to septum formation and finally progress to cirrhosis, in primary biliary cirrhosis. The significance of perivenular necroses remains speculative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605071
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell kinetic analyses and expression of carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and DU-PAN-2 in hyperplastic, pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of intrahepatic bile ducts in livers with hepatoliths (1992)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 420 (1992), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatolithiasis ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions ; Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Carbohydrate antigen 19-9
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We evaluated cell proliferative activity and expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and DU-PAN-2 in various bile duct lesions in livers with hepatoliths, using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Histologically, the bile duct lesions were divisible into hyperplasia, dysplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma. All cases showed mucosal hyperplasia in stone-bearing bile ducts. Livers with invasive adenocarcinoma frequently contained adenocarcinoma in situ and dysplasia, and livers with adenocarcinoma in situ occasionally harboured dysplasia. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labelling index was low in hyperplasia (mean±SD=20.5±8.7%), intermediate in dysplasia (35.4±15.9%), and high in adenocarcinoma in situ (46.4±9.3%). The mean number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) was low in hyperplasia (1.52), intermediate in dysplasia (2.26) and high in adenocarcinoma in situ (2.69). There was a significant positive correlation between PCNA labelling index and AgNORs count. CEA was expressed on invasive adenocarcinoma cells and adenocarcinoma in situ cells in most cases and on dysplastic cells in about a half, while CEA was never present in hyperplastic epithelia. Expression of CA 19-9 was low in adenocarcinoma, intermediate in dysplasia and rather high in hyperplasia. There was no significant difference in DU-PAN-2 expression among these bile duct lesions. These data suggest that cell replicative activity is low in hyperplasia, intermediate in dysplasia and high in adenocarcinoma in situ, and that CEA appears in the following order: dysplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, invasive adenocarcinoma. We suggest that carcinogenesis in biliary epithelia in livers with stones is a multi-step process through hyperplasia, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in situ to invasive adenocarcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01600212
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual hepatocellular lesions in primary biliary cirrhosis resembling but unrelated to hepatocellular neoplasms (1993)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 422 (1993), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatocellular atypism ; Reactive hyperplasia ; Primary biliary cirrhosis ; Borderline lesions ; Hepatocellular carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Structural, cellular and nuclear abnormalities of hepatocytes are a histological hallmark of well-differentiated, small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or its borderline lesion. This study revealed that several hepatocellular abnormalities found in these hepatocellular neoplasms were also found in non-cirrhotic stages of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in which HCC is unlikely to develop. These changes are small cell changes, consisting of the appearance of small hepatocytes arranged in thin trabecular or compact patterns with increased cellularity and basophilic cytoplasm. This was found in 36%, 71% and 100% in specimens of stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Large cell changes occurred and consisted of large hepatocytes with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli, found in 27%, 47% and 22% of the stages, respectively. Finally, liver cell rosettes were seen, showing variable acinar formation and present in 0%, 41% and 33% of the stages, respectively. These lesions were identified microscopically as irregularly shaped areas or vague nodules of hepatocytes without a fibrous rim, in the hepatic lobules. They showed an expansive growth or shaggy border against the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. Follow-up studies, including autopsies, failed to show development of HCC or its borderline lesion in PBC cases. Pathologists must make a diagnosis of HCC and its borderline lesion bearing in mind the occurrence of such unusual hepatocellular lesions probably of a reactive nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01605128
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of pancreatic digestive enzymes in normal and pathologic epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal system (1997)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 431 (1997), S. 195-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Pancreatic digestive enzymes ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; RT-PCR ; Enzyme assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pancreatic digestive enzymes have rarely been reported in human nonpancreatic organs. We examined their expression in the epithelial cells of the nonpancreatic gastrointestinal organs, looking for pancreatic α-amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and pancreatic lipase. Western blotting, enzyme assay and pancreatic α-amylase mRNA were also used in selected specimens. In normal tissues, immunoreactivity of one or more of these enzymes was frequently noted in cells of the salivary glands, stomach, duodenum, large pancreatic ducts, extrahepatic bile ducts and gall bladder. The epithelium of the normal oesophagus, small intestine and colon were consistently negative for these enzymes. In pathologic tissues, immunoreactivity for one or more enzymes was present in epithelial cells of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, cholecystitis, adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct, and colon adenoma and adenocarcinoma. Western blotting showed a specific band of each enzyme in some specimens of normal stomach. In situ hybridization for pancreatic α-amylase mRNA showed specific signals in the normal stomach, but not in the normal colon. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis for pancreatic α-amylase mRNA revealed specific signals in the normal stomach. Enzyme assay revealed that the stomach and gall bladder showed these activities. The data suggest that pancreatic digestive enzymes are produced by several epithelial cell types of the nonpancreatic gastrointestinal organs, that the organs positive for pancreatic enzyme have a common cell lineage, and that neoplasms continue to express or neoexpress these enzymes after neoplastic transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050088
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orcein positive granules in the hepatocytes in chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (1979)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 382 (1979), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chronic intrahepatic cholestasis ; Primary biliary cirrhosis ; Hepatocellular orcein positive granules ; Copper hepatocytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological characteristics of orcein positive granules in hepatocytes from 11 patients with chronic intrahepatic cholestasis and from 2 newborn normal livers were studied. Histochemical investigations revealed their protein nature and many sulphydryl and/or disulphide groups. Copper was demonstrated in the granules by histochemical techniques and electron X-ray micronalysis. No difference was observed in the hepatic distribution and appearance of the granules between the livers of those with chronic cholestasis and the newborn. Ultrastructurally, a variety of electron dense granules were seen at the site of orcein positive granules in the hepatocytes of the patient with primary biliary cirrhosis. Some had a single-layered membrane and seem to be lysosomal derivatives. It is suggested that the copper in lysosomes seen in both chronic cholestasis and normal newborn livers, need not to be cytotoxic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102738
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple cysts in the hepatic hilum and their pathogenesis (1984)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 404 (1984), S. 341-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatic cyst ; Peribiliary gland ; Protal hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multiple serous cysts involving only the hepatic hilum and larger portal tracts were found incidentally in 8 autopsy cases with several underlying liver diseases. The cysts were mostly small in size, and did not communicate with the lumena of the biliary tree. The lining of the cysts consisted of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelium and the surrounding fibrous tissue was scanty. These were not associated with polycystic disease of the kidneys or cystic dilatation of the biliary tree. Cysts were absent in the liver parenchyma and an association with von Meyenburg complexes was rare. In the vicinity of the cysts there were many lobules of the glands which are physiologically present in the periductal connective tissue of the large intrahepatic bile ducts. It was noted that some of these glandular elements around the cysts disclosed varying degrees of cystic luminal dilatations. Almost all patients with such cysts had severe portal hypertension and over a half had occluding thromboemboli in the portal veins. These results lead us to propose the hypothesis that multiple cysts involving the hepatic hilum and the larger portal tracts are derived from the periductal glands in close association with an intrahepatic circulatory disturbance of the portal venous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695218
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