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  • 1
    ISSN: 1600-0501
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Purpose: The histological differences between the defect and contact areas of the implant surface to bone were tested in 35 New Zealand White rabbits in a standardized model. Microwave plasma chemical vapor-coated implant probes were tested in control and uncoated materials.Material and methods:  In each femur of 35 rabbits, cylindrical implant rods with a planed side were inserted. Three groups, divided in coated and uncoated material at half, were observed 42, 84 and 168 days. The probes were examined histologically for bone–implant contact in the curved and plane (defect area) sides.Results: Generally the bone–implant contact seems to be nearly constant in time in the curved area of coated and uncoated probes. Here the implant was inserted in the press-fit mode. Diamond-coated probes showed similar bone–implant contact (51.9% (42 days), 62.5% (84 days), 56.1% (168 days)) compared to uncoated material (56.2%, 65.4%, 62.9%). The defect area (plane side) had no bone–implant contact at the time of insertion and showed increasing values on longer observation times with only significant differences in the 42-day group between coated (17.85%, 35.2%, 47.7%) and uncoated materials (35.5%, 40.55%, 51.81%).Conclusion: The evaluation of the curved side of the implant probe showed no great variation of bone–implant contact within the described observation times. This model simulates the usual implant insertion situation. The diamond-coated material becomes osseointegrated at a later time point. The bone–implant contact was only statistically relevant in one group in comparison to uncoated material.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Clinical oral implants research 13 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0501
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: 20 retromolar bone grafts were harvested in outpatients for augmentation of the implant site from January to June 2000 (10 female, 10 male, 40.9 ± 12.8 years, minimum 17 years, maximum 66 years). The aim of the study was to assess typical complications of this procedure in a prospective manner. For the determination of the superficial sensory function of the inferior alveolar and the lingual nerve, an objective method was used. The bone grafts were harvested for single tooth reconstruction. In 14 cases a ridge augmentation and in 6 cases an endoscopically controlled crestal sinus floor elevation was performed. Preoperatively, the height of bone above the cranial aspect of the inferior alveolar nerve in the retromolar region was assessed radiologically with known markers. The maximum mouth opening was determined. The superficial sensory function of the inferior alveolar and the lingual nerve was assessed with the Pointed-Blunt Test, the Two-Point-Discrimination Test and the objective method of the ‘Pain and Thermal Sensitivity’ Test (PATH Test). Moreover, the pulp sensitivity of the teeth of the donor site was determined by cold vitality testing. All tests were repeated 1 week postoperatively. Intraoperatively, the width of the retromolar region was measured with a caliper. The patients rated the operative strain on a visual analogue scale. The height of bone above the inferior alveolar nerve in the retromolar region was 11.0 ± 2.2 mm. The width of the retromolar area was 14.2 ± 1.9 mm. Postoperatively, the maximal mouth opening changed significantly (40.8 ± 3.5 mm preoperatively, 38.9 ± 3.7 mm postoperatively, P = 0.006). However, the reduction was not relevant clinically. A direct injury of the inferior alveolar or lingual nerve did not occur. A sensitivity impairment could not be detected for either of the nerves by the different test methods 1 week postoperatively. The operative strain related to the donor site was significantly less than the strain generated by the implant placement (rating on a visual analogue scale 2.8 ± 1.0 and 4.1 ± 2.0, respectively, P = 0.027). Retromolar bone grafts are a viable method for augmentation of the implant site in conjunction with single tooth reconstruction with low strain on the patient and minimal risk of complications.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1600-0501
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Thirty human zygomatic bone specimens (15 females mean age 81.60 ± 11.38 years, 15 males, mean age 78.47 ± 6.58 years) were examined by quantitative computed tomography and histomorphometry. The aim of the study was to assess the bone mineral density, the trabecular bone volume and the trabecular bone pattern factor. Moreover, the anterior-posterior and the medio-lateral dimensions and the estimated implant length within the zygomatic bone were determined. For quantitative computed tomography the specimens were scanned together with a bone mimicking anthropomorphic reference phantom. The bone mineral density was calculated for the specimens in the plane of the intended direction of the implant placement. Subsequently, with the sawing and grinding technique, the specimens were prepared in the same plane for histomorphometry. The trabecular bone mineral density was 369.95 ± 188.80 mg/cm3 for the female and 398.94 ± 99.11 mg/cm3 for the male specimens (P = 0.23). The male trabecular bone volume showed a value of 27.32 ± 9.49%, while the female group reached a value of 19.99 ± 7.60% (P = 0.23). The trabecular bone pattern factor was 1.2 × 10−2 ± 1.28 mm−1 for the male and 1.02 ± 0.96 mm−1 for the female specimens (P = 0.045). The study reveals that the zygomatic bone consists of trabecular bone with parameters that are unfavourable for implant placement. However, the success of implants placed in the zygomatic bone is secured by the employment of at least four cortical portions.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of clinical periodontology 31 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare haematological disease of unknown aetiology. This thrombotic microangiopathy is characterized by microvascular lesions with platelet aggregation. It is found in adults and can be associated with pregnancy, cancer, autoimmune diseases, bone marrow transplantation, drugs and bacterial as well as viral infections. The therapy requires a multi-disciplinary team approach involving dentistry. Even if TTP is immediately treated in an adequate manner, it still shows a mortality of up to 20%.Aim: To define a specific treatment concept for periodontal disease and decayed teeth in patients suffering from TTP based on the experiences gained from two cases.Conclusion: The two patient cases revealed a possible association of TTP with dental foci. Because of the severity and mortality of this disease, both prognosis evaluation and treatment standards of periodontologically compromised or decayed teeth have to be strictly followed in patients suffering from TTP. In order to avoid recurrence of TTP, it seems important to remove radically teeth of questionable prognosis.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1600-0501
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare the bone mineral apposition rate (BMAR) of immediately loaded implants with an unloaded control during the early healing phase in the partially edentulous mandible. In seven mini pigs, three premolars and the first molar were removed in the left mandible. Three months later, five implants were installed. Four implants received a fixed provisional restoration and were loaded immediately. The most anterior implant was used as unloaded control. Polychromatic fluorescence labelling was performed to assess the BMAR. After 4 months, the implants were retrieved together with the adjacent bone. Histological specimens were prepared and subjected to a fluorescence microscopic and histomorphometric analysis. Two provisional restorations were found partially lost at the end of the observation period. One implant that had lost the splinting fixation showed soft connective tissue healing. The BMAR did not differ statistically significantly between loaded and unloaded implants and within the single groups during the observation period (BMARloaded days 14−42=1.8±0.2 μm/d, BMARloaded days 42−70=1.8±0.1 μm/d, BMARloaded days 70−98=1.6±0.1 μm/d, pBMARloaded days 14–42/42–70/70–98=0.156, BMARunloaded days 14−42=1.7±0.1 μm/d, BMARunloaded days 42−70=1.8±0.2 μm/d, BMARunloaded days 70−98=1.6±0.4 μm/d, pBMARunloaded days 14–42/42–70/70–98=0.368, pBMARloaded/unloaded days 14–42=0.073, pBMARloaded/unloaded days 42–70=0.098, pBMARloaded/unloaded days 70–98=0.262). Four months after implant placement, the bone-to-implant contact was 77.8±17.3% for the loaded and 78.0±5.8% for the unloaded implants (P=0.753). Immediate loading does not affect the bone mineral apposition rate when compared with unloaded implants. Rigid splinting seems to be the crucial factor for implant success. Uncontrolled masticatory forces can cause failure after partial loss of the provisional restoration.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1600-0501
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to determine the correlation between the primary stability of dental implants placed in edentulous maxillae and mandibles, the bone mineral density and different histomorphometric parameters. After assessing the bone mineral density of the implant sites by computed tomography, 48 stepped cylinder screw implants were installed in four unfixed human maxillae and mandibles of recently deceased people who had bequeathed their bodies to the Anatomic Institute I of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg for medical–scientific research. Peak insertion torque, Periotest values and resonance frequency analysis were assessed. Subsequently, histologic specimens were prepared, and bone-to-implant contact, the trabecular bone pattern factor (TBPf), the density of trabecular bone (BV/TV) and the height of the cortical passage of the implants were determined. The correlation between the different parameters was calculated statistically. The mean resonance frequency analysis values (maxilla 6130.4±363.2 Hz, mandible 6424.5±236.2 Hz) did not correlate with the Periotest measurements (maxilla 13.1±7.2, mandible –7.9±2.1) and peak insertion torque values (maxilla 23.8±2.2 N cm, mandible 45.0±7.9 N cm) (P=0.280 and 0.193, respectively). Again, no correlations could be found between the resonance frequency analysis, the bone mineral density (maxilla 259.2±124.8 mg/cm3, mandible 349.8±113.3 mg/cm3), BV/TV (maxilla 19.7±8.8%, mandible 34.3±6.0%) and the TBPf (maxilla 2.39±1.46 mm−1, mandible –0.84±3.27 mm−1) (P=0.140 and 0.602, respectively). However, the resonance frequency analysis values did correlate with bone-to-implant contact of the oral aspect of the specimens (maxilla 12.6±6.0%, mandible 35.1±5.1%) and with the height of the crestal cortical bone penetrated by the implants in the oral aspect of the implant sites (maxilla 2.1±0.7 mm, mandible 5.1±3.7 mm) (P=0.024 and 0.002, respectively). The Periotest values showed a correlation with the height of the crestal cortical bone penetrated by the implants in the buccal aspect of the implant sites (maxilla 2.5±1.2 mm, mandible 5.4±1.2 mm) (P=0.015). The resonance frequency analysis revealed more correlations to the histomorphometric parameters than the Periotest measurements. However, it seems that the noninvasive determination of implant stability has to be improved in order to give a more comprehensive prediction of the bone characteristics of the implant site.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1600-0501
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The influence of the osteotome technique on the osseointegration of rough-surfaced stepped cylinder implants (Frialit®-2) was compared to conventional preparation of the implant site in an animal model. A total of 104 implants were placed into the distal femoral condyle of 52 New Zealand white rabbits. This region contains sufficient trabecular bone for implant placement. The implant site was prepared either by the osteotome technique or by conventional technique with drills as a control group. During the healing period polychromatic fluorescence labelling was performed with four different fluorescent dyes. After 2, 4 and 8 weeks, the implants were removed with the surrounding bone. The sample preparation was done using the ‘sawing and grinding’ technique. Ground sections 100 µm thick were used for fluorescence microscopic analysis; 30-µm-thick ground sections were examined histomorphometrically. After 2 weeks the bone-to-implant contact ratio was 55.0 ± 7.1% for the osteotome technique and 29.2 ± 4.8% for the control group (P 〈 0.0005). After 4 weeks, the bone-to-implant contact ratio was still significantly better for the osteotome technique (bone-to-implant contact ratio osteotome technique 71.1 ± 7.2%, bone-to-implant contact ratio control 59.0 ± 6.3%, P = 0.003). Eight weeks after implant placement the bone-to-implant contact ratio was still better for the osteotome technique compared to the conventional implant placement. However it was no longer statistically significant. The qualitative fluorescence microscopic examination showed an earlier and stronger signal for the osteotome technique than the control group. With the latter, the zone of mineralization moved slowly towards the implant surface. Implant sites prepared by the osteotome technique showed a pronounced signal in the whole compressed area already by the second day. In conclusion, the osteotome technique increases new bone formation and leads to an enhanced osseointegration of dental implants in trabecular bone. However, more experimental trials have to be carried out on higher mammals that show a metabolic rate of bone that is more comparable to humans.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Freie Weichgewebetransplantate ; Bestrahltes Transplantatlager ; Wundheilung ; Vaskularisation ; Tiermodell ; Key Words: Free flaps ; Irradiated transplant bed ; Wound healing ; Vascularisation ; Animal model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: Following preoperative radiotherapy prior to ablative surgery of squamous epithelial carcinomas of the head and neck region, inflammatory changes to the connective tissue and vascular endothelium are observed. These processes may lead to a delay in healing of free flaps in the irradiated transplant bed. The aim of the study was to investigate qualitative and quantitative changes in vascularization in irradiated and regular transplant beds. Material and Methods: In Wistar rats (male, weight 300 to 500 g) undergoing preoperative irradiation of the neck region with 3 times 10 Gy (30 animals) and 5 times 10 Gy (30 animals) and non-irradiated rats (42 animals), a free myocutaneous gracilis flap taken from the groin was transplanted to the irradiated region of the neck. The time interval between irradiation and transplantation was 4 weeks. On day 3, 4, 5, 7, 14 and 28 post operation, the capillary sprouting, structural changes and the distribution patterns were analyzed by H & E and immunohistochemical staining (goat-F[ab]-2-anti-von Willebrand factor antibody). Three histological sections 2 to 4 μm) per sample were investigated histomorphometrically, qualitatively and quantitatively (ratio capillary area/total area, and capillary lumen) by NH-image-digitized measurement. A statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whithney test. Results: In contrast to non-irradiated rats, irradiated animals showed a qualitatively reduced and a more irregular capillary distribution with more marked pericapillary fibrosis in the irradiated transplant bed. Quantitatively, the ratio capillary area/total area, as a marker of improved capillarization was significantly reduced in the transition are transplant/irradiated transplant bed and in irradiated transplant bed tissues in contrast to the non-irradiated control group (p = 0.004). Also, from day 14 to 28 a significant decrease was found in the transition area between transplanted tissues and irradiated transplant bed tissues in irradiated animals (p = 0.005). The median capillary lumen size also decreased significantly in the transition area and transplant bed in 30 Gy and 50 Gy irradiated animals (p 〈 0.001 and p = 0.003). Conclusions: Following irradiation, vascularization of the soft tissue flaps is both reduced and delayed. This is evidence of delayed healing of soft tissue transplants in transplant beds irradiated prior to surgical intervention. Further optimization of the time interval between radiotherapy and surgery and the total radiation dose are therefore needed.
    Notes: Hintergrund: Nach präoperativer Radiotherapie vor ablativer Chirurgie von Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Kopf- und Halsregion werden Schäden am Gefäßbindegewebe beobachtet, die zu einer Verzögerung der Einheilung freier Lappen om vorbestrahlten Transplantatlager führen können. Ziel der Untersuchung war, die Vaskularisation zwischen ortsständigem und transplantiertem Gewebe im vorbestrahlten und nicht vorbestrahlten Transplantatlager experimentell qualitativ und quantitativ zu erfassen. Material und Methoden: Wistar-Ratten (männlich, Körpergewicht 300 bis 500 g) wurden zur Erzeugung eines vorbestrahlten Transplantatlagers mit 3-mal 10 Gy (30 Tiere) und 5-mal 10 Gy (30 Tiere) im Halsbereich bestrahlt (Kontrollgruppe: 42 nicht bestrahlte Tiere). Bei allen Tieren erfolgte nach einem Zeitintervall von vier Wochen die Transplantation eines freien myokutanen Grazilislappens (2,5×2,5 cm) von der rechten Leiste in den Halsbereich mit Anastomosierung an den Halsgefäßen. Postoperativ wurden nach drei, vier, fünf, sieben, 14 und 28 Tagen aus dem Transplantat und dem Transplantatlager Biopsien gewonnen. Nach HE- und immunhistochemischer Färbung (Markierung der Kapillarendothelien mit polyklonalem Goat-F[ab]-2-anti-von-Willebrand-Faktor) erfolgte die quantitative histomorphometrische (NH-Image) Erfassung der Relation Kapillarfläche/Gesamtfläche und des Kapillarlumens. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mittels Mann-Whithney-Test. Ergebnisse: Im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe zeigte sich qualitativ bei den bestrahltenTieren eine reduzierte unregelmäßige Kapillarverteilung mit ausgeprägter perikapillärer Fibrosierung im ortsständigen Transplantatlager. Quantitativ nahm die Relation Kapillarfläche/Gesamtfläche im Übergangsbereich zwischen Transplantat und bestrahltem Transplantatlager als Hinweis auf eine abnehmende Kapillarisierung im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe vom dritten bis siebten Tag nach Bestrahlung signifikant ab (p = 0,004). Auch im zweiten Untersuchungsintervall vom 14. bis 28. Tag wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen der Kontrollgruppe und den bestrahlten Tieren festgestellt (p = 0,005). Ebenfalls trat im zeitlichen Verlauf eine signifikante Abnahme des mittleren Kapillarlumens im Übergang zwischen transplantiertem und bestrahltem Gewebe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe auf (p 〈 0,001 und p = 0,003). Schlussfolgerung: Nach Vorbestrahlung kommt es zu einer kontinuierlichen Abnahme und Verzögerung der Vaskularisation bei der Einheilung von freien Transplantaten. Eine Optimierung des Zeitintervalls zwischen Radiotherapie und Transplantation und der Bestrahlungsdosis ist deshalb für den Einheilungserfolg freier Transplantate bedeutungsvoll.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Mandibular reconstruction ; Bone grafts ; Postoperative monitoring ; Bone scintigraphy ; Singlephoton emission tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bone scintigraphy was applied in the follow-up of 24 patients who received bone grafts for reconstruction of the mandible after partial resection. Semiquantitative assessment of the grafts was done with a six-grade scoring system, based on comparison of tracer uptake in the graft and in the calvarium (as an internal control). Sixty-nine bone scans were evaluated. Late planar imaging was carried out in all cases, and single-photon emission tomography (SPET) was performed additionally in 34 of these cases. Complications were observed in four grafts. They occurred less frequently in revascularized grafts than in non-revascularized grafts. Planar scintigrams performed within 14 days after reconstruction showed a significantly higher tracer uptake in grafts with an uncomplicated further course than in those which developed complications. Follow-up scintigrams after 1 and 3 months revealed a significant increase in tracer uptake in grafts with an uncomplicated course. This was not apparent in grafts which developed complications. The tracer uptake was estimated to be higher on the basis of the SPET scans as compared with the planar scintigrams. It is concluded that bone scintigraphy is of prognostic value in the evaluation of bone grafts used for mandibular reconstruction. SPET seems to be more sensitive than planar imaging for the assessment of graft viability.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Bone grafts ; Maxillofacial surgery ; [18F]fluoride ion ; Positron emission tomography ; Kinetic modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the incorporation of bone grafts used in maxillofacial surgery by means of [18F]fluoride ion and positron emission tomography (PET). It considers patients who received pedicle grafts for mandibular reconstruction or onlay grafts for alveolar ridge augmentation. Dynamic PET images and arterialized venous blood samples were obtained within a 1-h period after i.v. injection of [18F-]fluoride. Assuming a three-compartment model and applying multilinear least squares fitting, bone blood flow (K 1) and fluoride influx (K mlf) were determined. Additionally Patlak plot analysis was used to calculate fluoride influx (K pat). In cervical vertebral bodies as the reference region, mean values for flow ofK 1 = 0.1162±0.0396 ml/min/ml and influx ofK mlf = 0.0508±0.0193 andK pat = 0.0385±0.0102 ml/min/ml were found. Essentially these figures are comparable with physiological values in animal and man reported in the literature. Early after surgery a significant increase in flow and influx compared to vertebral bodies was observed in the regions of osteosyntheses between grafts used for reconstruction and recipient bone (K 1 = 0.2181,K mlf = 0.1000 andK pat = 0.0666 ml/min/ml) and in onlay grafts (K 1 = 0.2842,K mlf = 0.1637 andK pat = 0.0827 ml/min/ml). At the same time pedicle grafts showed a significant increase in flow but not in influx (K 1 = 0.2042,K mlf = 0.0774 andK pat = 0.0529 ml/ min/ml). FurthermoreK pat was significantly lower in pedicle grafts than in onlay grafts. In follow-up studies a significant decrease in flow occurred in pedicle grafts and the regions of osteosyntheses. Moreover the latter showed a significant decrease inK mlf as well. It is concluded that [18F-] PET depicted increased blood flow and osteoblastic activity in onlay grafts and regions of osteosyntheses, indicating bone repair in the graft and adjacent host bone early after surgery. For the regions of osteosyntheses the decrease in both parameters corresponded to uncomplicated healing. The lack of increased influx, although flow was increased in pedicle grafts, most likely indicates that some necrosis occurred in these grafts despite patency of anastomoses. It may be concluded that [18F-] PET provides further insight into the biology of graft incorporation.
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