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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Novel Concepts from Novel Peptides (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 739 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19802.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The History of Neuropeptide Research: Version 5.a (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 780 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Two reviews published recently reflect the history of neuropeptide research. One of them1 reports the results of a computer search of the scientific literature since 1966. It found more than a quarter of a million papers published concerning those peptides that now are known to be able to exert some effects on the central nervous system (CNS).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15107.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of charge-transfer complexes in the photooxidation of ethers with oxygen (1967)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 32 (1967), S. 3227-3229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Quelle: ACS Legacy Archives
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo01285a076
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1994), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Tissue concentrations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Recent evidence suggests that 13-hydroxy metabolites of anthracyclines may contribute to cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and the 13-hydroxy metabolite daunorubicinol in plasma and tissues, including the heart. Fisher 344 rats received 5 mg kg–1 daunorubicin i.v. by bolus injection. Rats were killed at selected intervals for up to 1 week after daunorubicin administration for determination of concentrations of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, and skeletal muscle. Peak concentrations of daunorubicin were higher than those of daunorubicinol in the plasma (133 ± 7 versus 36 ± 2 ng ml–1; P 〈 0.05), heart (15.2 ± 1.4 versus 3.4 ± 0.4 μg g–1; P 〈 0.05), and other tissues. However, the apparent elimination half-life of daunorubicinol was longer than that of daunorubicin in most tissues, including the plasma (23.1 versus 14.5 h) and heart (38.5 versus 19.3 h). In addition, areas under the concentration/time curves (AUC∞) obtained for daunorubicinol exceeded those found for daunorubicin in almost all tissues, with the ratios being 1.9 in plasma and 1.7 in the heart. The ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations increased dramatically with time from 〈1 at up to 1 h to 87 at 168 h in cardiac tissue. Thus, following daunorubicin injection, cumulative exposure (AUC∞) to daunorubicinol was greater than that to daunorubicin in the plasma and heart. If daunorubicinol has equivalent or greater potency than daunorubicin in causing impairment of myocardial function, it may make an important contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686550
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues in the rat (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1995), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Schlagwort(e): Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Tissue concentrations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Recent evidence suggests that 13-hydroxy metabolites of anthracyclines may contribute to cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and the 13-hydroxy metabolite daunorubicinol in plasma and tissues, including the heart. Fisher 344 rats received 5 mg kg−1 daunorubicin i.v. by bolus injection. Rats were killed at selected intervals for up to 1 week after daunorubicin administration for determination of concentrations of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, and skeletal muscle. Peak concentrations of daunorubicin were higher than those of daunorubicinol in the plasma (133±7 versus 36±2 ng ml−1;P〈0.05), heart (15.2±1.4 versus 3.4±0.4 μg g−1;P〈0.05), and other tissues. However, the apparent elimination half-life of daunorubicinol was longer than that of daunorubicin in most tissues, including the plasma (23.1 versus 14.5 h) and heart (38.5 versus 19.3 h). In addition, areas under the concentration/time curves (AUC∞) obtained for daunorubicinol exceeded those found for daunorubicin in almost all tissues, with the ratios being 1.9 in plasma and 1.7 in the heart. The ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations increased dramatically with time from 〈1 at up to 1 h to 87 at 168 h in cardiac tissue. Thus, following daunorubicin injection, cumulative exposure (AUC∞) to daunorubicinol was greater than that to daunorubicin in the plasma and heart. If daunorubicinol has equivalent or greater potency than daunorubicin in causing impairment of myocardial function, it may make an important contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686550
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Age-related pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol following intravenous bolus daunorubicin administration in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 39 (1997), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Aging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Age-related differences in pharmacokinetics may be important in determining altered anthracycline cardiotoxicity in the senescent rat and also in older humans. This study examined the effect of aging on daunorubicin pharmacokinetics in the Fischer 344 rat. Daunorubicin 7.5 mg/kg was administered i.v. to 6-and 24-month-old male Fischer 344 rats and plasma and tissue sampling was performed over 168 h for assay of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Systemic clearance of daunorubicin was decreased in older compared to younger animals (56±4 versus 202±17 ml min-1 kg-1; P〈0.05). In addition, the area under the plasma daunorubicinol concentration/time curve was significantly increased in older rats. In the heart, the area under the concentration/time curve was significantly increased in senescence both in the case of daunorubicin (201±12 versus 86±4 μg h g-1; P〈0.05) and daunorubicinol (1347±118 versus 182±4 μg h g-1; P〈0.05). Furthermore, the peak mean concentrations of daunorubicin were increased in older compared to younger rats both in plasma (1078±82 versus 663±66 ng ml-1; P〈0.05) and in heart (27±1 versus 10±1 μg g-1; P〈0.05). This also was true for daunorubicinol in plasma (284±39 versus 168±27 ng ml-1; P〈0.05) and in myocardium (8.6±0.6 versus 2.4±0.2 μg g-1; P〈0.05). Following daunorubicin injection, the ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations in tissues increased with time, particularly in plasma and heart in senescent rats. Thus, there are significant age-related changes in daunorubicin and daunorubicinol kinetics in the rat that could alter susceptibility to acute systemic toxicity and to chronic cardiotoxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800050606
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of a low-protein diet on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in the rabbit (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 30 (1992), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Malnutrition involving protein deficiency, which commonly occurs in cancer patients receiving anthracycline treatment, is considered to be a risk factor for the development of cardiotoxicity. Protein deficiency has been shown to impair the metabolism of drugs such as theophylline and acetaminophen. If protein deficiency also impairs anthracycline metabolism, it could explain at least in part the enchanced anthracycline toxicity associated with malnutrition. We tested this idea by determining the effect of a low- protein, isocaloric diet on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in rabbits. The animals were randomized into two groups for 8–12 weeks. Rabbits in group 1 received a low-protein (5%), isocaloric diet, whereas those in group 2 received a normal-protein (15%) diet. Both groups (group 1,n=15; group 2,n=14) were given 5 mg/kg doxorubicin by i.v. bolus. After doxorubicin injection, blood samples were obtained over the next 52 h for the measurement of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol plasma concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. The low-protein diet significantly decreased doxorubicin clearance (48±3 vs 59±4 ml min−1 kg−1;P〈0.05), prolonged the terminal climination half-life (28±2 vs 22±2 h;P〈0.05), and increased the area under the plasma concentration/time curve extrapolated to infinity (1722±122 vs 1405±71 ng h ml−1;P〈0.05) as compared with the values determined for rabbits fed the standard rabbit chow (15% protein). The volume of distribution for doxorubicin was not altered by the low-protein diet. In addition, in rabbits fed the the low-portein diet, the terminal elimination half-life of the alcohol metabolite, doxorubicinol was prolonged (52±5 vs 40±2 h;P〈0.05). Thus, a low-protein diet causes a reduction in the ability of rabbits to eliminate doxorubicin and possibly its alcohol metabolite doxorubicinol. If a similar alteration in anthracycline pharmacokinetics occurs in malnourished cancer patients, this phenomenon may contribute to their increased risk of developing cardiotoxicity associated with anthracycline therapy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686407
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Doxorubicin and doxorubicinol pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations following bolus injection and continuous infusion of doxorubicin in the rabbit (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 32 (1993), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Cumulative dose-related, chronic cardiotoxicity is a serious clinical complication of anthracycline therapy. Clinical and animal studies have demonstrated that continuous infusion, compared to bolus injection of doxorubicin, decreases the risk of cardiotoxicity. Continuous infusion of doxorubicin may result in decreased cardiac tissue concentrations of anthracyclines, including the primary metabolite doxorubicinol, which may also be an important contributor to cardiotoxicity. In this study, doxorubicin and doxorubicinol plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations were compared in New Zealand white rabbits following intravenous administration of doxorubicin (5 mg·kg−1) by bolus and continuous infusion. Blood samples were obtained over a 72-h period after doxorubicin administration to determine plasma doxorubicin and doxorubicinol concentrations. Rabbits were killed 7 days after the completion of doxorubicin administration and tissue concentrations of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in heart, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle were measured. In further experiments, rabbits were killed 1 h after bolus injection of doxorubicin and at the completion of a 24-h doxorubicin infusion (anticipated times of maximum heart anthracycline concentrations) to compare cardiac concentrations of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol following both methods of administration. Peak plasma concentrations of doxorubicin (1739±265 vs 100±10 ng·ml−1) and doxorubicinol (78±3 vs 16±3 ng·ml−1) were significantly higher following bolus than infusion dosing. In addition, elimination half-life of doxorubicinol was increased following infusion. However, other plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for doxorubicin and doxorubicinol, including AUC∞, were similar following both methods of doxorubicin administration. Peak left ventricular tissue concentrations of doxorubicin (16.92±0.9 vs 3.59±0.72 μg·g−1 tissue;P〈0.001) and doxorubicinol (0.24±0.02 vs 0.09±0.01 μg·g−1 tissue;P〈0.01) following bolus injection of doxorubicin were significantly higher than those following infusion administration. Tissue concentrations of parent drug and metabolite in bolus and infusion groups were similar 7 days after dosing. The results suggest that cardioprotection following doxorubicin infusion may be related to attenuation of the peak plasma or cardiac concentrations of doxorubicin and/or doxorubicinol.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685876
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of phenytoin on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in the rabbit (1988)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 22 (1988), S. 294-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Doxorubicin is metabolized extensively to doxorubicinol by the ubiquitous aldoketoreductase enzymes. The extent of conversion to this alcohol metabolite is important since doxorubicinol may be the major contributor to cardiotoxicity. Aldoketoreductases are inhibited in vitro by phenytoin. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of phenytoin on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. Doxorubicin single-dose pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 10 New Zealand White rabbits after pretreatment with phenytoin or phenytoin vehicle (control) infusions in crossover fashion with 4–6 weeks between studies. Infusions were commenced 16 h before and during the course of the doxorubicin pharmacokinetic studies. Phenytoin infusion was guided by plasma phenytoin estimation to maintain total plasma concentrations between 20 and 30 μg/ml. Following doxorubicin 5 mg/kg by i.v. bolus, blood samples were obtained at intervals over 32 h. Plasma doxorubicin and doxorubicinol concentrations were measured by HPLC. The mean plasma phenytoin concentrations ranged from 17.4 to 33.9 μg/ml. Phenytoin infusion did not alter doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. The elimination half-life and volume of distribution were almost identical to control. Clearance of doxorubicin during phenytoin administration (60.9±5.8 ml/min per kg, mean±SE) was similar to that during vehicle infusion (67.5±5.4 ml/min per kg). Phenytoin administration was associated with a significant decrease in doxorubicinol elimination half-life from 41.0±4.8 to 25.6±2.8 h. The area under the plasma concentration/time curve (AUC) for doxorubicinol decreased significantly from 666.8±100.4 to 491.5±65.7 n.h.ml-1. These data suggest that phenytoin at clinically relevant concentrations does not alter the conversion of doxorubicin to doxorubicinol in the rabbit. The reduction in the AUC for doxorubicinol caused by phenytoin appears to be due to an increased rate of doxorubicinol elimination. Phenytoin or similar agents may have the effect of modifying doxorubicinol plasma concentrations by induction of doxorubicinol metabolism rather than by inhibition of aldoketoreductase enzymes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254234
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