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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a proposed method for phenytoin maintenance dose prediction following an intravenous loading dose (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenytoin ; intravenous loading dose ; oral maintenance dose ; dose prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A large clinical study, designed to investigate the induction of theophylline metabolism by phenytoin, provided the opportunity to test a previously proposed method for estimating dose requirements of phenytoin. This method involves prediction of the oral maintenance dosage from data obtained following the administration of an intravenous loading dose. In 30 subjects, trough plasma concentration at steady-state were 12.0±4.9 µg·ml−1 (mean ±SD) and differed by −2.7±39.3% from a mean target plasma concentration of 12.5±1.5µg·ml−1. A Bayesian regression programme was used to forecast an estimate of each subject's individual pharmacokinetics. These were then used to predict the steady-state plasma concentrations which would be expected from a standard dosing regimen (4 mg per kg per day). When compared to the results expected from the use of this standard dosage, the proposed method gave acceptable steady-state plasma phenytoin concentrations with significant reductions in deviations from target concentrations. This method for the rapid individualization of phenytoin dosage requirements provides an improvement over more traditional methods of choosing an arbitrary dose adjusted for body weight followed by dosage adjustments based on achieved plasma concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542186
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Daunorubicin and daunorubicinol pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissues in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1994), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Tissue concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recent evidence suggests that 13-hydroxy metabolites of anthracyclines may contribute to cardiotoxicity. This study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and the 13-hydroxy metabolite daunorubicinol in plasma and tissues, including the heart. Fisher 344 rats received 5 mg kg–1 daunorubicin i.v. by bolus injection. Rats were killed at selected intervals for up to 1 week after daunorubicin administration for determination of concentrations of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in the plasma, heart, liver, kidney, lung, and skeletal muscle. Peak concentrations of daunorubicin were higher than those of daunorubicinol in the plasma (133 ± 7 versus 36 ± 2 ng ml–1; P 〈 0.05), heart (15.2 ± 1.4 versus 3.4 ± 0.4 μg g–1; P 〈 0.05), and other tissues. However, the apparent elimination half-life of daunorubicinol was longer than that of daunorubicin in most tissues, including the plasma (23.1 versus 14.5 h) and heart (38.5 versus 19.3 h). In addition, areas under the concentration/time curves (AUC∞) obtained for daunorubicinol exceeded those found for daunorubicin in almost all tissues, with the ratios being 1.9 in plasma and 1.7 in the heart. The ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations increased dramatically with time from 〈1 at up to 1 h to 87 at 168 h in cardiac tissue. Thus, following daunorubicin injection, cumulative exposure (AUC∞) to daunorubicinol was greater than that to daunorubicin in the plasma and heart. If daunorubicinol has equivalent or greater potency than daunorubicin in causing impairment of myocardial function, it may make an important contribution to the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686550
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol following intravenous bolus daunorubicin administration in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 39 (1997), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Anthracyclines ; Daunorubicin ; Daunorubicinol ; Pharmacokinetics ; Rat ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Age-related differences in pharmacokinetics may be important in determining altered anthracycline cardiotoxicity in the senescent rat and also in older humans. This study examined the effect of aging on daunorubicin pharmacokinetics in the Fischer 344 rat. Daunorubicin 7.5 mg/kg was administered i.v. to 6-and 24-month-old male Fischer 344 rats and plasma and tissue sampling was performed over 168 h for assay of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Systemic clearance of daunorubicin was decreased in older compared to younger animals (56±4 versus 202±17 ml min-1 kg-1; P〈0.05). In addition, the area under the plasma daunorubicinol concentration/time curve was significantly increased in older rats. In the heart, the area under the concentration/time curve was significantly increased in senescence both in the case of daunorubicin (201±12 versus 86±4 μg h g-1; P〈0.05) and daunorubicinol (1347±118 versus 182±4 μg h g-1; P〈0.05). Furthermore, the peak mean concentrations of daunorubicin were increased in older compared to younger rats both in plasma (1078±82 versus 663±66 ng ml-1; P〈0.05) and in heart (27±1 versus 10±1 μg g-1; P〈0.05). This also was true for daunorubicinol in plasma (284±39 versus 168±27 ng ml-1; P〈0.05) and in myocardium (8.6±0.6 versus 2.4±0.2 μg g-1; P〈0.05). Following daunorubicin injection, the ratio of daunorubicinol to daunorubicin concentrations in tissues increased with time, particularly in plasma and heart in senescent rats. Thus, there are significant age-related changes in daunorubicin and daunorubicinol kinetics in the rat that could alter susceptibility to acute systemic toxicity and to chronic cardiotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002800050606
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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