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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 97-97 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 98-98 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 102-102 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 56 (1999), S. 771-778 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Multidrug resistance; microorganisms; efflux; resistance mechanism.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Multidrug efflux systems endow on bacterial cells the ability to limit the access of antimicrobial agents to their targets. By actively pumping out antibiotic molecules, these systems prevent the intracellular accumulation necessary for antibiotics to exert their lethal activity. Drug efflux appears to be one of the most widespread antibiotic resistance mechanisms among microorganisms, since it has been demonstrated to occur in many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including medically important species like staphylococci, streptococci, enterobacteria and opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Efflux pumps can be specific for only one substrate or accommodate a more or less wide range of noxious products. Export of structurally unrelated compounds confers a multidrug-resistance phenotype on bacterial cells. Therapeutically critical levels of resistance can be achieved by overexpression of efflux systems, especially in those species such as P. aeruginosa which possess a low outer membrane permeability. It is suspected that the dual physiological function of active efflux systems is both the secretion of intracellular metabolites and the protection against a variety of harmful substances that the microorganism may encounter in its natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 96-96 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 98-98 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sisomicin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; two-compartment analysis ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sisomicin, a new single component aminoglycoside antibiotic related to gentamicin c1a, were determined in four healthy volunteers after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a 1 mg/kg dose. The elimination profile of this antibiotic follows two-compartment model kinetics after I.V. administration. The fast (α) and slow (β) disposition rate constants averaged 0.072 and 0.004 min−1, respectively. The volume of distribution at the steady-state averaged 0.185 liters/kg which approximately corresponds to the volume of extracellular space. The physiological availability of an intramuscular dose appeared to be complete. A method of administration adapted to the kinetic properties of the drug is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 17 (1989), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neuere β-Laktamantibiotika, vor allem die Cephalosporine der dritten Generation, wurden im Hinblick auf hohe intrinsische Aktivität gegen ein breites Erregerspektrum konzipiert. Dennoch können Bakterien gegen diese Substanzen resistent werden, und die Ärzte stehen besorgt vor der Situation, daß selbst die neuesten Substanzen wirkungslos sein können. Das eine Problem ist die Produktion chromosomal kodierter Cephalosporinasen in großen Mengen durch bestimmte Bakterien. Die Resistenzentwicklung tritt unter der Therapie auf, betroffen sind Krankenhausstämme, die bei konventioneller Empfindlichkeitstestung sensibel sind. Diese gramnegativen Bakterien mit induzierbarer β-Laktamase scheinen in einigen Kliniken zuzunehmen, die Resistenztestung ist in dieser Hinsicht jedoch von fraglichem Wert. Wichtiger erscheint die Feststellung, daß die Prävalenz von gramnegativen Bakterien mit induzierbarer β-Laktamase stabil bleibt. Ein zweites Problem ergab sich aus dem plötzlichen Auftreten plasmid-kodierter β-Laktamasen, die beträchtliche Wirkung gegen Cephalosporine der dritten Generation haben. Diese Resistenz wird unterschätzt, da einige Stämme noch im Empfindlichkeitsbereich der Cephalosporine der dritten Generation bei MHK-Bestimmung oder im Hemmhoftest liegen. Diese Breitspektrum-Enzyme haben sich inzwischen über vier Kontinente ausgebreitet und stellen eine zunehmende Bedrohung dar.
    Notes: Summary Newer β-lactam antibiotics, notably the third generation cephalosporins (3 GC) have been designed for providing high intrinsic potency against a large variety of microorganisms. Bacterial resistance can occur however, and nowadays, clinicians are concerned by novel situations where even most recently developed compounds can be ineffective. A first situation is generated by bacteria which produce great amounts of chromosomal cephalosporinase. The resistance emerges during therapy, in hospital isolates which are classified as susceptible with conventional susceptibility testing. The prevalence of 3 GC resistance among these gram-negative rods with inducible β-lactamase seems to increase in some institutions but the significance of susceptibility testing in this regard is doubtful. It is probably more important to note that the prevalence of gram-negative rods with inducible β-lactamases remains stable. A second problem arose with the abrupt development of plasmid mediated β-lactamases markedly active against 3 GC. This resistance is underestimated because some strains fall into susceptibility range of 3 GC as determined by MICs or inhibition zone sizes. These extended spectrum enzymes are now distributed over four continents and represent a growing threat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch die schrittweise Selektion auf Agarmedium wurde die Fähigkeit von sechs Antibiotika zur Induktion von Resistenz bei 24 gramnegativen Stäbchen geprüft. BeiEscherichia coli war die Resistenzentwicklung durch Selektion weniger ausgeprägt,Pseudomonas aeruginosa hatte hingegen eine ausgeprägte Neigung zur Resistenzentwicklung gegen alle getesteten Antibiotika. Bei Einsatz als Einzelsubstanzen waren Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Amikacin, Ceftazidim und Cefpirom mit einem vergleichbaren Risiko erworbener Resistenz (bei 14 bis 17 von 24 der getesteten Stämme) assoziiert. Imipenem selektierte resistente Stämme von 10 der 24 Isolate (5/18 der Nicht-Pseudomonas-Stämme). Nach Behandlung mit Pefloxacin entwickelten 11 Stämme eine Kreuzresistenz mit strukturell unverwandten Antibiotika; nach Exposition gegenüber Ciprofloxacin waren es acht, nach Ceftazidim sechs und nach Imipenem oder Cefpirom einer. Die Kombination von Ciprofloxacin mit Amikacin hatte weniger Potential, die Resistenzentwicklung zu verhindern als die Kombination von Ciprofloxacin mit einem β-Laktam-Antibiotikum. Ciproflox-acin plus Cefpirom war in dieser Hinsicht besonders wirksam.
    Notes: Summary The ability of six antibiotics to produce resistance by stepwise selection on agar medium was assessed in 24 gram-negative rods.Escherichia coli was the strain least prone to selection of resistance, whereasPseudomonas aeruginosa frequently developed resistance to all antibiotics. When used alone, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, amikacin, ceftazidime and cefpirome were associated with a comparable risk of acquired resistance (in 14 to 17 out of 24 strains); imipenem selected resistant strains in 10/24 isolates (5/18 in non-pseudomonas strains). The number of strains exhibiting cross resistance with structurally unrelated antibiotics was 11 after pefloxacin treatment, eight after exposure to ciprofloxacin, six after ceftazidime, and one after imipenem or cefpirome. The combination of ciprofloxacin with amikacin was less efficient in reducing acquisition of resistance than the combination of ciprofloxacin with a beta-lactam: ciprofloxacin plus cefpirome was especially potent in this respect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 6 (1978), S. 266-270 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Methode des Blättchentests wurde anhand von 178 Anaerobierstämmen und vier Cephalosporinen (Cephalotin, Cefamandol, Cefazolin und Cefoxitin) beurteilt. Im Vergleich zur Agar-Verdünnungsmethode ergab sich eine gute Korrelation der Ergebnisse (p〈0,001) mit Ausnahme von Cefamandol und Cefazolin gegen anaerobe Kokken (p〉0,05). Ausgehend von einer kritischen Konzentration von 8 µg/ml zur Unterscheidung zwischen empfindlichen und resistenten Stämmen stellten wir übereinstimmende Hemmhofdurchmesser fest. Nach 24stündiger Inkubation beträgt die Fehlerquote weniger als 1% für falsch-empfindliche und weniger als 5% für falsch-resistente Erreger. Einige Stämme anaerober Kokken benötigen jedoch eine Inkubationszeit von 48 Stunden, um sichtbares Wachstum zu ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus erschwert eine große Anzahl (60,5%) überlappender Hemmhofdurchmesser die Interpretation des Blättchentests bei Stämmen vonBacteroides fragilis, die gegen Cefoxitin als empfindlich, teilweise empfindlich und resistent eingestuft werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß das Cephalotin-Blättchen keinen präzisen Aufschluß über die Empfindlichkeit vonB. fragilis gegen Cefoxitin gibt.
    Notes: Summary The disc diffusion technique was evaluated with 178 strains of anaerobes and four cephalosporins (cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin and cefoxitin). Good correlation in results was found in comparison with the agar dilution technique (p〈0.001) with the exception of cefamandole and cefazolin against anaerobic cocci (p〉0.05). Choosing a breakpoint of 8 µg/m for distinguishing susceptible and resistant strains, we determined corresponding incubation, the rate of error is less than 1% for false susceptible and less than 5% for false resistant. However, some strains of anaerobic cocci required a 48 hour incubation period for allowing visible growth. Moreover, a great deal (60.5%) of overlapping zone diameters made interpretation of disc diffusion test difficult amongBacteroides fragilis strains classed as susceptible, intermediate and resistant occuring with cefoxitin. The results have shown that the cephalothin disk will not accurately predict susceptibility ofB. fragilis to cefoxitin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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