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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical and brain stem projections to the spinal cord of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 178 (1988), S. 259-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cortex ; Brain stem ; Spinal afferents ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Hedgehog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cortical and brain stem neurons projecting to the spinal cord in the hedgehog were studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing method. HRP injections were placed in the first cervical segments, in the cervical enlargement (C5-T3) and in the lumbar enlargement. Following injections in the first cervical segments and in the cervical enlargement labelled neurons were observed in the somatic motor and somatic sensory cortices, the paraventricular and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the nuclei of field H of Forel, the red nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the periaqueductal grey, the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus, the nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, and raphe obscurus, the rhombencephalic reticular formation, the lateral, medial and caudal vestibular nuclei, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the gracile nucleus. After HRP injections in the lumbar enlargement, labelled neurons were not found in the cortex, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the nuclei of field H of Forel, the superior colliculus and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. These results show that cortical and brain stem projection to the spinal cord are comparable to those described in other species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318229
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of somatostatin-containing neurons in the visual cortex of normal and dark-reared rats (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1993), S. 473-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Visual deprivation ; Cortical areas 17, 18, 18a ; Transience ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of somatostatin (SRIF)-immunoreactive neurons in the visual cortical areas 17, 18 and 18a of Wistar rats from birth to adulthood was followed in both normal and dark-reared animals. The SRIF neurons show difference in distribution amongst the three cortical areas studied as early as the first postnatal week. Area 17 was distinguished by fewer SRIF cells in the upper layers (I–III), which results in a lower overall density. The SRIF neurons in all areas appeared to increase in numbers up to about 3 weeks and then decline dramatically to adult levels, which were 14–19% of the peak levels. Although this decline was still obvious, it moderated to 25–31% in dark-reared animals. The greatest effect was seen in area 18 where, at 60 days of age, there were twice as many SRIF cells in darkreared as in normal controls. It is suggested that, under conditions of dark rearing, the overall pattern of development of SRIF neurons, being uninfluenced by extrinsic factors, reveals the cells' genetic potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229035
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis of the noradrenaline innervation of the rat visual cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 18 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry with an antiserum against noradrenaline was used to examine the organization and morphology of noradrenergic axons in the rat visual cortex. Observations with the light microscope confirmed earlier reports concerning the distribution pattern of noradrenergic fibres, and provided some further clues about their intracortical organization. Particularly striking was the finding of fibres which followed an oscillating course within the boundaries of layers II–IV as they ran in the mediolateral direction. Examination of the morphological characteristics of noradrenaline-containing axon terminals in serial ultrathin sections has provided further evidence that the vast majority (87.6%) form conventional synapses in the visual and frontoparietal cortex, and has given clues about the postsynaptic elements involved in these synaptic contacts; they are, in decreasing frequency, spines, dendritic shafts of various diameters, and pyramidal and non-pyramidal somata. In addition, a few labelled terminals were visualized in close association with intracerebral capillaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188418
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis of the serotonin innervation of the rat visual cortex (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 16 (1987), S. 883-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The serotonin afferents of the rat visual cortex were examined immunocytochemically at the light and electron microscopic levels. Immunoreactive fibres were typically thin, tortuous and varicose. Occasionally, some thicker fibres were found. The orientation of labelled axons varied according to laminar position, with fibres running parallel to the pial surface present mainly in layers I and VI, and radially oriented fibres prominent in layers II and III. Branches arising from horizontal or radially oriented fibres were seen to form irregularly shaped loops particularly in layers IV and V. The density of innervation and the prevailing axonal orientation in each cortical layer were similar in both coronal and parasagittal planes. The ultrastructural features of serotonin-labelled axon terminals were examined in single and serial ultrathin sections. While in single sections the majority did not exhibit synaptic specializations, extensive serial section analysis showed that virtually all of these terminals were engaged in junctional complexes. Postsynaptic elements were spines and dendritic shafts, including pyramidal cell apical dendrites, with both symmetrical and asymmetrical membrane specializations. In axospinous synapses, the labelled terminals were usually adjacent to unstained axon terminals contacting the same postsynaptic element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01611992
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis of the dopamine innervation of the rat visual cortex (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 18 (1989), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dopaminergic innervation of the rat primary (area 17) and secondary (areas 18 and 18a) visual cortical areas was examined immunocytochemically using an antiserum directed against dopamine. This innervation was characterized by the differential density of the respective afferents within individual visual areas. Area 18, especially its rostral part, was observed to receive a considerable amount of dopaminergic axons, whereas areas 17 and 18a were sparsely innervated. The innervation of all layers of area 18 seemed to consist to a considerable extent of axonal branches of radial fibres ascending from layer VI to layer I. At the ultrastructural level, dopamine profiles were found to display similar characteristics in all visual areas. Dopamine labelled axon-terminals and axonal varicosities, examined in single and serial ultrathin sections, were seen to form primarily asymmetrical synaptic contacts with dendritic profiles. These observations suggest a ‘specific’ innervation of cytoarchitectonically distinct cortical regions by dopaminergic axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190833
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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