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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying meaningful changes in pain (1998)
    Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Anaesthesia 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One hundred and thirty-eight nurses were asked to indicate the smallest meaningful reduction in pain from each of four hypothetical pain intensities: 100, 75, 50 and 25, on 100 mm visual analogue scales. The median values for the smallest meaningful reductions in pain were 31, 24, 18 and 10 mm, respectively, representing reductions in pain intensity of 31%, 32%, 36% and 40%, respectively. These tests were repeated in 110 patients before and after they had a lower third molar extraction under general anaesthesia. The patients' expectations of pain relief, pre- and postoperatively, were very similar to those observed in the nurses. For each of the four hypothetical pain intensities the median values for meaningful reductions in pain became greater following surgery. The pre-operative median reductions from the hypothetical pains 100, 75, 50 and 25 mm were 26, 20, 15 and 11 mm (26%, 27%, 29% and 44%), respectively. The corresponding postoperative reductions were 31, 24, 19 and 12 mm (31%, 32%, 38% and 48%). To achieve a meaningful reduction in pain postoperatively in 50% of patients it is necessary to reduce pain as represented by the visual analogue scale, by between 31 and 48%, depending on its initial intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00294.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diclofenac sodium for post-tonsillectomy pain in children (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 43 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Diclofenac sodium was assessed as an analgesic for postoperative pain following paediatric tonsillectomy in a randomised double blind trial. In a comparison made with both a pethidine and a control group diclofenac was shown to be an effective analgesic. No significant difference in analgesic efficacy was demonstrated between the two drugs, although patients who received diclofenac tended to be less drowsy postoperatively than those who received pethidine. There were no significant differences between the two drugs in respect of time to awaken from anaesthesia or incidence of postoperative vomiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb04147.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity to propofol in the elderly (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 41 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two studies were carried out on 609 fit, unpremedicated patients to assess the influence of patient age on the response to the rapidly-acting hindered phenol, propofol, which is being evaluated for induction of anaesthesia. In the first study, 1.25 mg/kg was injected over 20 seconds followed by 10-mg increments every 15 seconds until loss of verbal contact. This showed a great individual variation in response to the drug. A reduction in the ‘induction’ dose was found in elderly patients, which became marked around 60 years. In the second (340), doses ranging from 1.5–3.0 mg/kg in patients under 60 years and 1.25–2.25 mg/kg in those over 60 years were injected as a bolus over 20 seconds. Doses of 2.25–2.5 mg/kg were required to induce anaesthesia in patients under 60 years, whilst 1.5–1.75 mg/kg was adequate in those over 60 years. Side effects were more marked with the rapid injection and doses in excess of 1.75 mg/kg caused significant hypotension and apnoea in the elderly. These studies reveal marked sensitivity to propofol in the elderly with respect to both induction dose and acute toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13271.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoking, atopy and certain furry pets are major determinants of respiratory symptoms in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Study (Ireland) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Environmental, cultural and health care differences may account for variation among countries in the prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in teenagers.Objective To examine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the level of diagnosis, and to compare determinants of asthma and severe wheeze in two countries.Methods Self-completion questionnaires based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) protocol were provided to school children in Ireland (Republic and Northern Ireland). In the Republic of Ireland, all children in classes largely aged 13–14 years from 30 post-primary schools were selected by random sampling stratified by school size, composition and Health Board in Spring 1995. In Northern Ireland, all children largely aged 13–14 years of age from 26 post-primary schools were selected by random sampling stratified by school type, composition and Education and Library Board in Spring 1996.Results Questionnaires were completed by 2364 children from Northern Ireland and 2671 from the Republic, about 90% of those eligible to participate. The prevalences of wheeze at various levels of severity, of diagnosed asthma and of treated wheeze were very similar in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. A significant proportion of those reporting more severe symptomatology (four or more attacks of wheeze in the past 12 months and/or one or more nights disturbed and/or moderate or greater disruption of daily activities and/or speech restriction due to wheeze) had been neither diagnosed nor treated for asthma (20–37%). To investigate the determinants of the more severe symptomatology of asthma or treated wheeze a series of stepwise multiple regression analyses was performed. A history of atopy, cigarette smoking, the possession of a furry pet other than a dog or cat and age were each independently associated with severe wheeze, whilst atopy, a furry pet (as above) and gender were each independently associated with asthma or treated wheeze.Conclusions Cigarette smoking is closely associated with the reporting of significant respiratory symptoms together with atopy and exposure to furry pets. Some 20–37% of severe symptoms were neither diagnosed nor treated as asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01572.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentrations of Common Lead in Some Atlantic and Mediterranean Waters and in Snow (1963)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 199 (1963), S. 350-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] KNOWLEDGE of lead in the oceans is important not only to investigations of lead isotope evolution in the Earths crust, but also to those of oceanic and atmospheric mixing. The concentrations of common lead in sea-waters off southern California have been previously examined1, and were found to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/199350a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thallium in marine plankton (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 90 (1986), S. 501-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of thallium in phytoplankton (0.02 to 0.8 μg g−1), zooplankton (0.03 to 0.5 μg g−1) and ichthyoplankton (0.1 μg g−1) from the central Pacific were comparable $$\left( {\bar x = 0.2\mu g{\text{ }}g^{ - 1} } \right)$$ , as were the atomic ratios of thallium to calcium (∼3x10−6) and to potassium (∼1x10−6) in those organisms. These relatively constant ratios, plus the biounlimited ocean profile of thallium, indicate that it is rapidly cycled through plankton in the same manner as potassium, its principal biogeochemical analogue. The higher atomic ratios of thallium to potassium in pelagic clays (6x10−6) and ferromanganese nodules (4x10−3) suggest that both biological transport processes and abiotic transport processes influence this trace element's oceanic cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409270
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of lead in tuna (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 251 (1974), S. 159-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It was recommended at the baseline meeting that a workshop be established to carry out interlaboratory analyses of lead in seawater. The workshop, sponsored by the National Science Foundation Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE), was initiated in the autumn of 1972. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/251159a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical profile of lead isotopic compositions in the north-east Pacific (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 321 (1986), S. 689-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seawater collections were obtained along a transect from 48 N, 125 W to 48 N, 141 W in August 1980 (Fig. 1). Surface water samples were obtained from a workboat deployed away from the research vessel, CSS Parizeau. Subsurface samples were collected with Caltech 10-1, deep-water samplers11. Those ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321689a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of childhood IDDM in Northern Ireland 1989–1994: Low incidence in areas with highest population density and most household crowding (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 1063-1069 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; epidemiology ; incidence ; childhood ; population density ; material deprivation ; overcrowding ; space-time clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the period 1989–1994, 462 cases of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were registered among children from Northern Ireland aged under 15 years. The estimated completeness of the register was 98.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 97.7%, 99.9%). A standardised rate of 19.6 (95% CI 17.8, 21.4) per 100 000 person years was obtained, placing Northern Ireland near the top of the range of published incidence in the United Kingdom, with a rate close to that reported for Scotland. In an analysis based on 217 postcode sectors, areas with a high population density and the most material deprivation were observed to have the lowest incidence rates. After inclusion of population density in a Poisson regression analysis, the component of deprivation which was found to be most significant was household crowding. Relative to children living in areas of low population density, there was a reduced risk for children in medium (relative incidence 0.85 (95% confidence limits CI 0.67,1.09)) and high (0.62 (95% CI 0.48,0.80)) population density areas. Similarly, relative to children living in areas with low levels of household crowding, there was a reduced risk for children in medium (relative incidence 0.73 (95% CI 0.58,0.93)) and high (0.67 (95%CI 0.53,0.83)) levels of household crowding. Tests for space-time clustering at diagnosis and at birth were negative. A possible explanation for the differences in incidence rate observed in this study is that exposure to infections very early in childhood is a protective factor. Later infections may act as either initiators or promoters of diabetes, but the absence of space-time clustering suggests that no single specific infectious agent is responsible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400655
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in Scotland 1968–1976: Evidence of an increasing incidence (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 238-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; juvenile ; incidence ; Scotland ; seasonal variation ; population density ; age of onset
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A computer file of all Scottish hospital admissions in the period 1968–1976 was searched to identify the 2,505 children (aged 〈 19 years) with a diagnosis of diabetes. The average annual incidence of the disease (based on first hospital admission) was estimated to be 13.8 per 100,000 children aged 〈 19 years (boys 14.4 per 100,000; girls 13.2 per 100,000). The highest incidence, 20.0 per 100,000 was in the age group 10–14 years and the lowest 7.1 per 100,000 in those aged 〈 5 years. It is estimated that during the study period there was an 80% increase in the annual incidence of juvenile diabetes, from about 10 per 100,000 in 1968 to about 18 per 100,000 in 1976. First admission rates showed seasonal variations for those aged 5 years or more, with peaks in October/November and January/February. Marked variation was found in the incidence rates in the different counties of Scotland. The central lowlands which includes the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow was an area of low incidence. There appeared to be an inverse correlation between the incidence rate in each county and population density. In Glasgow, there was an inverse association between the incidence rate in each city ward and the average number of persons per room. There was no evidence of space-clustering of the disease in different years within the parishes (rural districts) of each county and there was no convincing evidence that the variation in the incidence of diabetes between parishes in the same county was more than might have been expected to arise by chance. The observations are compatible with the disease having a viral aetiology but it is difficult to explain the striking rise in incidence over the study period on this basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282706
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