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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indoor environment, atopy and the risk of asthma in children in New Zealand (1999)
    Copenhagen, Denmark : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 10 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the indoor environment, atopy and asthma in 7–9-year-old children. Cases and controls were randomly selected from children who participated in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) in Wellington, New Zealand. Cases were children with a previous diagnosis of asthma and current medication use (n = 233) and controls were children with no history of wheezing and no diagnosis of asthma (n = 241). Information was recorded about the indoor environment during the first year of life and currently. Dust was sampled from floors and beds and Der p 1 and Fel d 1 measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Skin-prick tests were performed with eight common allergens. Sensitization to Dermatophagoides farinae (OR = 3.19; 95% CI 1.74–5.84), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (OR = 2.06; 95% CI 1.16–3.65) and cat (OR = 3.89; 95% CI 1.06–14.30) were independently associated with current asthma. The use of a sheepskin in the first year of life (OR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.11–3.33) was also independently associated with current asthma but current Der p 1 levels showed no association with current asthma. Exposures in early life may be more important than current exposures in determining asthma at age 7–9 years. Prospective studies are needed in New Zealand to determine the relative importance of early life exposures to Der p 1 and other risk factors for asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.00033.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 8 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: As part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in CHITdFood (ISAAC), prevalence surveys were conducted among representative samples of school children from locations in Europe, Asia. Africa. Australasia. North and South America.Subjects: 257.800 children aged 6-7 years from 91 centres in 38 countries, and 463,801 children aged 13-14 years from 155 centres in 56 countries. Methods: Written symptom questionnaires were translated from Fnglish into the local language for self-completion hy the 13-14-year-olds and completion by the parent.s of the 6-7-year-olds. Rhinitis was described as a problem with sneezing, or a runny, or blocked nose when you (your child) DID NOT have a cold or the flu. Additional questions were asked about rhinitis associated with itchy-watery eyes, interference with activities and a history of hay fever ever.Results: The prevalenee of rhinitis with itchy-watery eyes (“rhinoeonjunc-tivitis”) in the past year varied across centres from 0.8%(to 14.9%c in the 6-7-year-olds and from 1.4% to 39.7% in the 13-14-year-olds. Within each age group, the global pattem was broadly consistent across each of the symptom categories. In centres of higher prevalence there was great variability in the proportion of rhinoconjunctivitis labelled as hay fever. The lowest prevalences of rhinoconjunctivitis were found in parts of eastern Furope. south and central Asia. High prevalences were reported from cen-tres in several regions.Conclusion: These results suggest substantial worldwide variations in the prevalence and labelling of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis which rcqtiirc further study. These differences, if real, may offer important clues t o environmental influences on ullergy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00156.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Descriptive epidemiology of primary cancer of the brain, cranial nerves, and cranial meninges in New Zealand, 1948–88 (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 529-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Brain neoplasms ; epidemiology ; histology ; incidence ; medulloblastoma ; New Zealand ; occupation ; race ; secular trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We used New Zealand data on occurrence of different types of brain cancer to investigate: (i) a possible secular increase which has been seen worldwide and has generated considerable debate; (ii) possibly higher rates among Maori; and (iii) possibly higher risks related to social class and occupation. Data from the NZ Cancer Registry on the 5,684 brain cancers diagnosed among NZ residents from 1948–88 were used to study the pattern of occurrence by gender, age, race, calendar year, social class, occupation, and histology. Agestandardized brain-cancer incidence rates per 100,000 more than doubled over the 41-year period (from 2.9 to 6.9 in males and from 2.1 to 5.1 in females). A strong trend of increasing incidence with increasing social class is seen in males (P trend=0.01). Among Maori, the proportion of all brain cancer that is medulloblastoma is four times that among non-Maori, and the proportion of all brain cancers that lack histologic confirmation is about 40 percent higher. Elevated risks are seen among: dairy farmers (odds ratio [OR]=3.4, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.9–6.0); sheep handlers (OR=2.7, CI=1.4–5.3); livestock workers (OR=3.8, CI=1.7–8.4); and farm managers (OR=3.2, CI=1.4–7.2); as well as among electrical engineers (OR=8.2, CI=20–34.7); electricians (OR=4.6, CI=1.7–12.2); and other electrical workers. Brain cancer rates in NZ have increased steadily since 1948, but this increase has leveled off in the most recent five-year period. Although brain cancer rates are likely to be underestimated among the Maori, an excess of medulloblastoma is evident in this group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052428
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer incidence and mortality in women occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 547-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; dioxins ; herbicides ; females ; international ; neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The association between exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides contaminated with dioxins and occurrence of cancer has been studied mainly in male populations. In animal experiments, gender differences have been recorded in the cancer response to administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Mortality and cancer incidence in an international cohort of 701 women from an International Register of Workers occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins is examined. Cause-specific, national death rates and cancer incidence rates were used as referents. Cancer risk was not increased overall, with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 96 and 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of 64–137, based on 29 cases. Among workers exposed to those chlorophenoxy herbicides contaminated with TCDD, excess cancer incidence (for all sites) was observed (SIR=222, CI=102–422, 9 cases); this was highest in the first 10 years after exposure. No excess was observed for breast cancer, the most common cancer in this cohort. Results on cancer mortality were consistent with those on incidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052430
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further follow-up of New Zealand participants in United Kingdom atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Hematologic cancers ; leukemia ; men ; New Zealand ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; nuclear tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We previously reported a study of deaths and cancer incidence in Royal NewZealand (RNZ) Navy personnel who participated in atmospheric nuclear weaponstests conducted by the United Kingdom in the Pacific in 1957-58. The studyinvolved 528 men known to have participated in the tests, and a control groupof 1,504 men who were in the RNZ Navy during the same period but were notinvolved in the tests. The original follow-up was carried out for the period1957-87 with an observed increase in risk of leukemia and other hematologiccancers, but little or no increase of non-hematologic cancers or non-cancerdeaths in test participants. Follow-up now has been extended for the period1988-92. For the total follow-up period, there were 97 deaths in testparticipants and 256 deaths in controls, a relative risk (RR) of 1.1 (90percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-1.3). The RR of death from causesother than cancer was 1.0 (CI = 0.8-1.3), whereas the RR of cancer death was1.2 (CI = 0.8-1 .7) and that of cancer incidence was 1.0 (CI = 0.8-1.4). Forcancers other than hematologic malignancies, the RR was 1.0 (CI = 0.7-1.5)for mortality, and 1.0 (CI = 0.7-1.3) for incidence. However, there wereeight deaths from hematologic cancers in test participants (RR = 3.8, CI =1.4-10.8), including four leukemias (RR = 5.6, CI = 1.0-41.7). The RR forincidence of hematologic cancers was 1.9 (CI = 0.8-4.3), and that forleukemia was 5.6 (CI = 1.0-41.6). We concluded that the evidence is stillconsistent with the hypothesis that some leukemias and other hematologiccancers may have resulted from participation in the nuclear weapons testprogram, but the further follow-up strengthens the evidence that there is noincreased risk for non-hematologic cancers or for causes of death other thancancer in the test participants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018407927076
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