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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF PRE-MOULDED WOVEN CFRP PATCHES ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH IN 7475-T761 ALUMINIUM ALLOY SHEET (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack propagation tests have been made on 150 mm wide panels of 1.6 mm thick 7475-T761 clad aluminium alloy sheet with and without adhesively bonded patches of pre-formed carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The test frequency was 10 Hz, the minimum stress: maximum stress ratio, R, was 0.1 and the peak applied fatigue stress was 60 MPa.The tests were undertaken to assess the possibility of preventing the growth of fatigue cracks, or reducing their rate of growth, by the application of CFRP patches to one face only of pre-cracked aluminium alloy sheet. The variables examined included the type of patch and adhesive; the size, shape and thickness of the patch; and the effect of chamfering the edges of the patch and the removal of the cladding prior to patching.Results indicated that correctly designed and bonded CFRP patches substantially decreased the subsequent crack growth rate. The size and thickness of the patch had significant effects upon the reduction of fatigue crack growth rate whereas the shape of the patch, chamfering and the removal of the cladding prior to patching had little influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00200.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 14 (1979), S. 1207-1217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The volume changes which occur during the cure of resins employed as matrices for carbon fibre-reinforced plastics have been monitored. A description of the apparatus is given and detailed results throughout the curing cycles of resins Derakane 411-48/MEKP, Epikote 828/MNA/BDMA and XB2878A/XB2878B are reported, together with results for the later stages of cure of resin DLS 351/BF3400. Conclusions are drawn concerning: (i) the overall percentage volume contraction during cure, (ii) the shape and time-scale of the curing characteristics in relation to the state of completion of the curing process, (iii) the approximate location of the temperature below which no further shrinking due to polymerization or cross-linking is likely to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561306
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1978), S. 2226-2232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the principal linear thermal expansion coefficients of a tridirectional (−45°, 0°, +45°) carbon fibre reinforced plastics laminate are reported in the approximate temperature range 90 K to 500 K. A quantitative evaluation of the in-plane results in thermoelastic terms has yielded an agreement with these results consistent with the approximations and uncertainties involved. The qualitative agreement with expectations based upon the behaviour of unidirectional and bidirectional laminates is also demonstrated. The account concludes with an examination of some effects which are peculiar to multidirectional laminates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541678
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1978), S. 2217-2225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Interferometric measurements of the linear thermal expansion coefficients of epoxy resin Code 69 are reported over the approximate temperature range 90 K to 500 K. Corresponding measurements on specimens of this resin reinforced with unidirectional Courtaulds HTS carbon fibre and on specimens of resins DLS 351/BF3400 and Code 69 reinforced with bidirectional HTS fibres are also reported. The results are qualitatively similar to earlier observations on similar specimens based upon ERLA 4617/mPDA and DLS 351/BF3400 resins. A comparison of the present results with those described earlier has established that a detailed knowledge of the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion characteristics of a resin permits a good estimate to be made of the corresponding behaviour of unidirectional and bidirectional composites based upon it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541677
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1978), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Interferometric measurements of the linear thermal expansion coefficients of epoxy resin DLS 351/BF3400 are reported over the approximate temperature range 90 to 500 K. Corresponding measurements in directions parallel and perpendicular to the fibres are also reported for unidirectional composite bars of Courtaulds HTS carbon fibre in this resin, at nominal fibre volume contents of 50, 60 and 80%. The results are qualitatively similar to earlier observations upon resin ERLA 4617/mPDA-based specimens, but effects associated with resin softening occur at significantly higher temperatures in the case of resin DLS 351/BF3400. Current theoretical models account successfully for the influence of fibre volume fraction in the range 0.5 to 0.8 upon the value of the coefficient of thermal expansion at room temperature, within the limitations imposed by experimental uncertainty, provided that appropriate values are assigned to the linear thermal expansion coefficients of the fibres. In the directions parallel (α ∥ f ) and perpendicular (α ⊥ f ) to the fibre axis these values have been selected from the ranges −10×10−7〈α ∥ f 〈−9×10−7 and 0.5×10−5〈α ⊥ f 〈1.9×10−5. It is concluded that a more rigorous appraisal must await the availability of independent information concerning the directional thermoelastic properties of carbon fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647790
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon-fibre reinforced plastics (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 2803-2818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal expansion characteristics of a series of carbon-fibre fabric reinforced plastic laminates over the approximate temperature range 90 K to 440 K have been determined. The reinforcements included Morganite Type II fibres in a plain weave and a two-by-two twill weave and Courtaulds Grafil E/XAS fibres in a two-by-two twill weave, a five-shaft satin weave and in an unwoven unidirectional disposition. The results show that the ratio of fibre tow densities in the principal fibre directions, the crimp in the reinforcing fibres and the laminate stacking sequence all influence the magnitudes and temperature dependences of the linear thermal expansion coefficients, as well as the detailed manner in which the dimensions respond to changes of temperature. Volume shrinkage effects resulting from temperature cycling are also reported. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of Courtaulds Grafil E/XAS carbon fibres in directions parallel,α ‖ f , and perpendicular, α ¶ f , to the fibre axis have been estimated asα ‖ f =−2.6× 10−7 K−1 andα ‖ f =2.6×10−5 K−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00552965
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon-reinforced plastics (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 17 (1982), S. 1880-1888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We compare the convenience offered by alternative ways of recording thermal expansion data. Limitations imposed on the values, for every day engineering, of the linear thermal expansion coefficients of laboratory produced carbon fibre reinforced plastics are assessed. It is concluded that the commonly encountered levels of moisture content, voids and effects due to the misalignment and non-uniform distribution of fibres do not provide cause for serious concern in most applications. The practical consequences of thermo-elastic stress are deemed to be more important. It is concluded that provided sensible account is taken of the experience accumulated over the years from the production and application of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, laminate theory may be confidently applied to laboratory data in order to gain a good idea of the behaviour expected from new constructions under normal operating conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540403
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon-fibre reinforced plastics (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 2803-2818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal expansion characteristics of a series of carbon-fibre fabric reinforced plastic laminates over the approximate temperature range 90 K to 440 K have been determined. The reinforcements included Morganite Type II fibres in a plain weave and a two-by-two twill weave and Courtaulds Grafil E/XAS fibres in a two-by-two twill weave, a five-shaft satin weave and in an unwoven unidirectional disposition. The results show that the ratio of fibre tow densities in the principal fibre directions, the crimp in the reinforcing fibres and the laminate stacking sequence all influence the magnitudes and temperature dependences of the linear thermal expansion coefficients, as well as the detailed manner in which the dimensions respond to changes of temperature. Volume shrinkage effects resulting from temperature cycling are also reported. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of Courtaulds Grafil E/XAS carbon fibres in directions parallel,α ‖ f , and perpendicular, α ¶ f , to the fibre axis have been estimated asα ‖ f =−2.6× 10−7 K−1 andα ‖ f =2.6×10−5 K−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02402845
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal expansion of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 718-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Interferometric measurements of the linear thermal expansion coefficients between approximately 90 and 400 K of a series of unidirectional and bidirectional specimens of epoxy resin ERLA 4617/mPDA reinforced with Courtaulds HTS and HMS carbon fibres are reported for three mutually perpendicular directions. The room temperature results have been employed, in association with related data, to confirm that the main features of the dependence of the linear thermal expansion coefficients of these composites upon the thermal and elastic properties of the constituents and the orientations of the fibres within the matrices conform with expectations based upon current models of the thermal expansion and elastic behaviour of composite solids. At higher temperatures the results clearly show marked changes in the temperature dependence of the dimensional behaviour which result from the relaxation accompanying the softening of the resin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548162
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of manufacturing defects on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced polyethersulphone laminates (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 24 (1989), S. 584-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of defects on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced polyethersulphone laminates have been measured. The defects studied were cut fibre plies, omission of polymer films and local delamination produced by the inclusion of foreign matter. Of these it was found that only cut plies had a significant detrimental effect on the strength of a laminate. For specimens with two cut plies, the failure stress, tensile, flexural and compressive in the remaining continuous plies was the same as in the defect-free material, provided that the cut plies were widely separated. However the failure stresses were 15–18% lower in the continuous plies in the specimens containing two cut plies which were more closely spaced and in specimens containing four cut plies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01107446
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