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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of Diabetes Insipidus in the Brattleboro Rat: Morphological and Physiological Correlates (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 2 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The homozygous Brattleboro rat is a mutant of the Long Evans rat which fails to produce assayable quantities of vasopressin. Somata of supraoptic magnocellular neurons from adult Brattleboro rats are hypertrophied relative to those from normally hydrated adult Long Evans rats. We have investigated, by light microscopic morphometric analysis of immunoperoxidase-labelled vibratome sections, the postnatal growth of magnocellular neurons in normal Long Evans rats, and the relative hypertrophy of these cells in Brattleboro rats.Morphometric analysis of the somata of immunoidentified oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic supraoptic magnocellular neurons from Long Evans rats aged between 1 and 140 days postnatum revealed that their somata increased rapidly in size only after 14 days; a time that coincides with the start of weaning, with a transient increase in serum osmolality, and with the onset of ability to produce hyperosmotic urine. Oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing neurons in Long Evans rats achieved adult dimensions by 45 days postnatum. By contrast, somata of oxytocin neurons in the Brattleboro rat already showed significant hypertrophy relative to those in Long Evans rats at 7 days postnatum; hypertrophy continued until at least 140 days. The hypertrophy in the Brattleboro rat at 7 days was associated with markedly raised serum osmolality relative to that of age-matched Long Evans rats between 1 and 14 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00856.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemistry of Amino-Acids in the Rodent Pituitary Using Extremely Specific, Very High Titre Antisera (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The compartmental interrelationships of the metabolically related amino-acids glutamate, GABA and glutamine and the metabolically unrelated amino-acids taurine and glycine in the rodent pituitary, were investigated by light microscopic immunocytochemistry using highly specific antisera. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity was abundant in astrocytes in the posterior pituitary. Glutamine immunoreactivity was present only at low levels in the posterior pituitary, but was abundant in astrocytes within the intermediate lobe. Other glia-like ceils in the anterior pituitary were also glutamine-immunoreactive. GABA immunoreactivity was abundant in the intermediate lobe but absent from anterior and posterior lobes. The GABA immunoreactivity mainly took the form of small punctata, the majority of which were in intimate apposition to the glutamine-immunoreactive glia. Strong taurine immunoreactivity was present in astrocytes in the posterior pituitary but only weak labelling was present in intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary. Specific glycine immunoreactivity was not detected in the pituitary. These results suggest that glutamate-immunoreactive astrocytes in the posterior pituitary, unlike glia in loci such as the retina, do not convert much, if any, of their glutamate content into glutamine (or if they do, it is rapidly further metabolized to another compound), whereas those astrocytes in the intermediate lobe do contain glutamine. The spatial association of GABAergic fibres with glutamine-positive astrocytes raises the possibility that astrocytes in the intermediate lobe receive a GABAergic innervation. Glutamate, glutamine and taurine (or their metabolites) may have roles as neuroactive substances regulating pituitary secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00494.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Type 1 Receptor (PAC1R) in the Ewe Hypothalamus: Distribution and Colocalization with Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Neurones (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 17 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have examined the distribution of the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type I receptor (PAC1R) in the ewe hypothalamus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. PAC1R mRNA was highly expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the ewe, particularly in the arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus, compared to other hypothalamic regions. Similar results were obtained from immunohistochemistry using a specific PAC1R antibody. Intense immunolabelling was observed in the arcuate nucleus, external zone of the median eminence and ventromedial hypothalamus. Only relatively weak immunolabelling was observed in other hypothalamic regions, including the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. In the ewe, PACAP acts via the arcuate nucleus to suppress prolactin secretion. Therefore we examined whether PAC1R was present on the tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurones in this nucleus. Dual immunofluorescence labelling for PAC1R and tyrosine hydroxylase revealed that 21.2 ± 1.7% of dopaminergic neurones in the arcuate nucleus (A12 cell group) also stained for PAC1R. By contrast, other hypothalamic dopaminergic cell groups (A11, A13, A14 and A15) exhibited little (〈 3%) or no colocalization. Overall, our results indicate that, in the ewe hypothalamus, PAC1R is most concentrated in the arcuate nucleus, where it is localized on a substantial proportion of dopaminergic neurones. These observations, together with previous in vivo studies, suggest that PACAP could act directly on TIDA neurones via PAC1R to increase dopamine release and consequently inhibit prolactin secretion in the sheep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01305.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cooperative changes in GABA, glutamate and activity levels: the missing link in cortical plasticity (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Different intracortical mechanisms have been reported to contribute to the substantial topographic reorganization of the mammalian primary visual cortex in response to matching lesions in the two retinas: an immediate expansion of receptive fields followed by a gradual shift of excitability into the deprived area and finally axonal sprouting of laterally projecting neurons months after the lesion. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of this adult plasticity, we used immunocytochemical and bioanalytical methods to measure the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter levels in the visual cortex of adult cats with binocular central retinal lesions. Two to four weeks after the lesions, glutamate immunoreactivity was decreased in sensory-deprived cortex as confirmed by HPLC analysis of the glutamate concentration. Within three months normal glutamate immunoreactivity was restored. In addition, the edge of the unresponsive cortex was characterized by markedly increased glutamate immunoreactivity 2–12 weeks postlesion. This glutamate immunoreactivity peak moved into the deprived area over time. These glutamate changes corresponded to decreased spontaneous and visually driven activity in unresponsive cortex and to strikingly increased neuronal activity at the border of this cortical zone. Furthermore, the previously reported decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity was found to reflect decreased GABA levels in sensory-deprived cortex. Increased glutamate concentrations and neuronal activity, and decreased GABA concentrations, may be related to changes in synaptic efficiency and could represent a mechanism underlying the retinotopic reorganization that occurs well after the immediate receptive field expansion but long before the late axonal sprouting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816X.2000.01328.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercellular junctions in the corpora cardiaca of locusts (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 585-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus cardiacum ; Scalariform junctions ; Gap junctions ; Endocrine gland ; Intercellular communication ; Schistocerca gregaria, Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intercellular junctions in the corpora cardiaca of the locusts Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In the glandular lobes, complexes consisting of scalariform junctions and associated mitochondria, comparable to those previously observed in ion transporting epithelia, are formed between gland cells, and more rarely between gland cells and the neurons innervating them. Their structure and abundance are apparently unaffected by the stage of development or by the various experimental conditions employed. In the neural lobe, scalariform junctions form between glial cells and show close association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Gap junctions are present among glandular, neural and glial elements, and are formed between cells of the same type and of different types. Contacts resembling punctate tight junctions are widely distributed in the gland, but would be unlikely to form a barrier to diffusion. Septate junctions are formed exclusively between glial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218871
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ‘Neurosecretion’ by a classic cholinergic innervation apparatus (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 421-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cholinergic synapses ; Ultrastructure ; Exocytosis ; Non-synaptic release ; Neuropeptides ; Carassius auratus ; Rana pipiens ; Wistar white rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve terminals forming typical synapses with adrenal chromaffin tissues have been examined in the goldfish, frog (Rana pipiens), hamster and rat. Presumptive secretory inclusions present in the terminals are of two distinct types. Electron-lucent synaptic vesicles 30–50 nm in diameter are densely clustered adjacent to membrane thickenings and presumably discharge their contents into the synaptic clefts. Secretory granules (i.e. large dense-cored vesicles) 60–100 nm in diameter are more abundant in other parts of the terminals. Sites of granule exocytosis have been observed in each of the animals investigated. They are usually encountered within apparently undifferentiated areas of plasmalemma and only rarely occur within synaptic thickenings. Granule exocytosis from within synaptic terminals and chromaffin gland cells is most readily observed in specimens exposed, prior to fixation, to saline solutions containing both tannic acid, and 4-aminopyridine and/or elevated levels of K+. These findings show that the pattern of secretory discharge, involving both synaptic and non-synaptic release, which is widespread in invertebrate central nervous systems, is also characteristic of vertebrate, peripheral cholinergic terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215526
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing patterns of spatial buffering of glutamate in developing rat retinae are mediated by the Müller cell glutamate transporter GLAST (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words D-aspartate ; Development ; Glutamate ; Retina ; Glutamate transporter (GLAST) ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The patterns of expression of the glutamate transporter GLAST were compared with the patterns of uptake of exogenous D-aspartate, which is a substrate for all glutamate transporters. At postnatal day 0, fine radial processes and end feet of presumptive Müller cells were weakly immunoreactive for GLAST. At postnatal day 3, intense labelling was associated with astrocytes enveloping newly formed blood vessels on the vitread surface of the retina. Between postnatal days 7 and 10, there was a rapid increase in the intensity of labelling in the Müller cells but clear stratification of GLAST-immunoreactive processes in the inner plexiform layer was not observed until postnatal day 14. By comparison, D-aspartate uptake was initially associated with a wide variety of cellular elements including most neuroblasts, presumptive Müller cells, and astrocytes associated with blood vessels but was absent from the somata of many neurons in the ganglion cell layer and amacrine cell layer. There was a gradual contraction in the numbers of cells that were able to take up D-aspartate, such that, by adulthood, uptake was restricted mainly to Müller cells and astrocytes. We conclude that, during early retinal development, the low levels of GLAST expression by Müller cells permit D-aspartate, and by inference, glutamate, to permeate the retina freely, thus allowing uptake by other glutamate transporters on other cell types. As the retina matures, increased expression of GLAST by Müller cells restricts the access of D-aspartate to other cellular compartments in the retina. This changing pattern of spatial buffering of glutamate by GLAST probably has significant implications regarding our understanding of the role of glutamate during processes such as retinal synaptogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051333
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane routing during exocytosis and endocytosis in neuroendocrine neurones and endocrine cells: use of colloidal gold particles and immunocytochemical discrimination of membrane compartments (1991)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 299-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretosomes ; Pituitary ; Microvesicles ; Vacuoles ; Endocytosis ; Colloidal gold ; Rat (Long Evans, Brattleboro)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that the retrieval of membranes of neurohypophysial neurosecretory granules (NSG) and small electron-lucent microvesicles occurs by different routes was tested by incubating neurohypophysial neurosecretosomes with colloidal gold particles of various sizes. Neurosecretosomes derived from normal Long Evans rats and incubated in media of normal ionic composition endocytosed a few small (〈25 nm) gold particles into 40–50 nm electron-lucent microvesicles. After depolarisation, more small gold particles were found in microvesicles, and small and large (〉25 nm) gold particles in vacuoles. Oxytocin-containing neurosecretosomes derived from Brattleboro rats, which contain 160 nm-diameter NSG, endocytosed gold particles in a pattern indistinguishable from that of neurosecretosomes from Long Evans rats. However, neurosecretosomes derived from defective vasopressin neurones of Brattleboro rats, which contain microvesicles, small vacuoles, and a few 100 nm dense-cored vesicles, but not 160 nm NSG, endocytosed only small colloidal gold particles. Early after depolarisation the gold particles were present only in microvesicles, but later some could be found in vacuoles and lysosome-like structures. Immunogold cytochemistry using a polyclonal antiserum raised against microvesicle-rich neurosecretosomes derived from Brattleboro rats labelled microvesicles in the posterior pituitary strongly, NSG weakly, and vacuoles to a variable extent. These data together indicate that, after exocytosis, the membranes of NSG are recaptured as large vacuoles. Microvesicles are exocytosed and endocytosed separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313967
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