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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Amanita phalloides poisoning ; Amatoxins ; Pharmacodynamics ; Plasmapheresis ; Peritoneal dialysis ; Diuresis forced ; Knollenblätterpilzvergiftung ; Amatoxine ; Kinetik ; Plasmapherese ; Peritonealdialyse ; Diurese, forciert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer 3 Jahresperiode (1975–77) wurden an der Intensivpflegestation des Krankenhauses „Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico“ in Mailand 50 Patienten mit der Verdachtsdiagnose einer Knollenblätterpilzvergiftung stationär aufgenommen. Für 47 dieser Patienten wurde die Diagnose „a posteriori“ durch positiven Nachweis der Amatoxine in Serum oder Urin und/oder typische Leberzellnekrose bestätigt. Im Therapieschema waren neben unspezifischer Therapie verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur forcierten Elimination der Amanita Toxine vorgesehen (Peritonealdialyse, Plasmapherese, forcierte Diurese). Im selben Patientengut wurde durch FIUME und Mitarb. [6] der erste radioimmunologische Amatoxinnachweis im Serum (1975) und im Urin (1976) erbracht, wodurch die Möglichkeit einer solchen Therapie innerhalb einer Zeitspanne von ungefähr 36 Stunden nach der Pilzmahlzeit bestätigt wurde. Dank allgemeiner Intensivpflegemaßnahmen und Eliminationstherapie waren die Ergebnisse mit einer Mortalität von 12.7% (n=6) insgesamt relativ günstig; von besonderer Bedeutung aber erscheint, daß in der Gruppe mit frühzeitiger Eliminationstherapie (n=35) in 12 Patienten, trotz gesicherter Amanita Vergiftung, ein nennenswerter toxischer Leberschaden verhindert werden konnte, während dieser in 14 Patienten als mittelgradig gewertet wurde. Daß 9 Patienten trotzdem aber schweren Leberzellschaden bis zum Coma hepaticum (n=4) erlitten, mag sowohl auf die Schwere der Vergiftung, als auch auf individuelle Unterschiede in der Kinetik der Amanita Toxine zurückzuführen sein. Es ist durchaus möglich, daß auch in solchen Fällen eine frühere, besser und intensiver durchgeführte Eliminationstherapie die Ergebnisse weiterhin verbessern kann.
    Notes: Summary In a 3 year period (1975–77) 50 patients have been admitted to the I.C.U. of Polyclinic Hospital of Milan for poisoning from mushrooms of Amanita genus. In 47 cases the diagnosis was confirmed “a posteriori” by serum or urinary detection of amatoxins and/or by clinical evidence of typical liver injury. Besides the symptomatologic support, the therapeutic treatment included combined removal procedures, such as peritoneal dialysis, plasmapheresis, forced diuresis. The detection by radioimmunoassay of amatoxins [6] in the serum and in the urine of these patients proves that this therapeutic treatment can be effective within about 36 hours from ingestion time. The intensive medical care and the removal approach yielded as the whole favourable results in our patients (overall mortality was 6 patients, i.e. 12,7%). It should moreover be emphasized that of the 35 patients, who had been treated with early removal techniques, 12 with ascertained amanita poisoning, had neither clinical nor biochemical evidence of hepatic damage; 14 had a moderate liver damage; 9 experienced a severe liver failure and hepatic coma occurred in 4 of the latter. These poor results can be ascribed to the severity of the poisoning as well as to a peculiar kinetic of amatoxins in each subject.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Liver transplant ; Early postoperative phase ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Amino acid tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective We investigated the amino acid (AA) tolerance during Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) in adult patients undergone liver transplant (LTX). Design The treatment (Glucose and AA), induced on the 2nd postoperative day, was later maintained with 27 kcal/kg Ideal Body Weight (IBW) as glucose and 0.12 (12 patients: protocol #1), 0.18 (10 patients: protocol #2) and 0.25 g nitrogen (N)/kg IBW (13 patients: protocol #3) till end of the 6th postoperative day. The N intake was sequentially modified in protocol #2 and #3 to increase the supply of the amino acid (AA) that resulted in an infusion plasma level below the expected “normal” range (between 1 and 1.6 times the overnight fasting plasma level of volunteer). Patients 35 consecutive adult patients without diabetes and organ failures for the entire study period.Measurements: Plasma AA profile was measured before LTX and at the last TPN day under continuous infusion. During #1 and #2 protocol, many AA resulted below or at the lower range of the norm while, during 0.25 gN/kg IBW infusion, the majority of the administered AA significantly increased with respect to reference values. Nevertheless, they remained in the “normal” plasma range indicating that they were supplied in an optimal amount (particularly the aromatic and sulphurated ones, potentially toxic if liver function is impaired, and the branched chain AA (BCAA) given at consistent dosage: 0.5 g/kg). Arginine resulted significantly increased (Arg: 1.9 times the reference) and cystine (Cys: 0.45), serine (Ser: 0.8) and taurine (Tau: 0.85) remained significantly lower than “normal” as well as the not administered citrulline (Cit: 0.58) and alfa amino butyric acid (Aba: 0.41). The AA (and calorie) load almost balanced the N losses during the 5th (0.411±0.038) and 6th study day (0.305±0.019 gN/kg). Conclusions 0.25 gN/kg could be considered the minimum N load in the uncomplicated adult LTX recipients, for reassuring a balanced plasma AA pattern and body N turnover in the early postoperative phase.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Injury ; Glucose ; Insulin ; N kinetic ; 3-methylhistidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To investigate the kinetics of body nitrogen (N) excretion during 24 h glucose infusion (relating glycemia with insulin supply) and during subsequent 24 h saline infusion in injured patients during a full blown stress reaction. To define the lag time between the start or the withdrawal of glucose and insulin infusion, and the modification in the N loss from the body, and the time span to reach the maximum effect and its size. The knowledge of these variables is mandatory to plan short term studies in critically ill patients, while assuring the stability of the metabolic condition during the study period, and also to assess the possible weaning of the effect on protein breakdown during prolonged glucose and insulin infusion. Design 24–36 h after injury, patients were fasted (〈100 g glucose) for 24 h (basal day). Thereafter, a 24 h glucose infusion in amount corresponding to measured fasting energy production rate (EPR), clamping glycemia at normal level with insulin supply followed by 24 h saline infusion, was performed. Total N, urea and 3-methyl-histidine (3-MH) in urine were measured on 4 h samples starting from 20th h of the basal day. Setting Multipurpose ICU in University Hospital. Patients 6 consecutive patients who underwent accidental and/or surgical injury, immediately admitted for respiratory assistance (FIO2〈0.4). Excluded patients were those with abnormal nutritional status, cardiovascular compromise and organ failures. Main results Patients showed a 33% increase in measured versus predicted fasting EPR and a consistent increase in N and 3-MH urinary loss. An infusion of glucose at 5.95±0.53 mg/kg·min (97.20±0.03% of the fasting measured EPR) with 1.22±0.18 mU/kg·min insulin infusion reduced N and 3-MH loss after a time lag of 12 h. The peak decrease in body N (−36%) and 3-MH loss (−38%) was reached during the first 12 h of glucose withdrawal period. Thereafter, during the following 12 h, the effect completely vanished confirming that it is therapy-dependent and that the metabolic environment of the patients did not change during the three days study period. Conclusion 24 h glucose withdrawal reduces N and 3-MH loss in injured patients, the drug-like effect is maintained during the first 12 h of withdrawal and thereafter disappears. The study suggests that at least a 24 h study period is necessary when planning studies exploring energy-protein metabolism relationship in injured patients, and, again 24 h before changing protocol in a crossover study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Trauma ; Protein sparing ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic effects of TPN were studied in a selected group of trauma patients. Nineteen patients were randomly divided into two groups: the first was treated with glucose and insulin, the second with glucose, insulin and amino acids. Each patient in both groups received TPN isocaloric with respect to daily energy output and the treatment lasted five days. Each group was further divided into two subsets (severe or moderate catabolism) according to fasting energy output with respect to the expected energy expenditure. During the acute flow phase, both in moderate as well as in severe catabolism, glucose and insulin were effective for protein sparing; the maximum protein sparing effect was reached when giving a caloric intake equal to 130% of daily energy output. Glucose, insulin and amino acids were effective in replacement of nitrogen losses. In moderately catabolic patients nitrogen balance was significantly better than in severely catabolic patients. This study shows that early and short-term TPN is effective in controlling the flow phase of trauma. Glucose and insulin appear to be the determinants of the protein sparing effect when given in amounts equal to those needed; amino acids provided protein replacement when given in amounts equal to about 20% of energy output. Energy supply higher than 120–130% of daily energy output does not increase protein sparing and protein replacement, the only effect being a further increase in metabolism, which is possibly dangerous in critically ill patients.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Injury ; Amino acid ; Nitrogen balance ; TPN ; Interorgans flux
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of major trauma and sepsis on skeletal muscle, central tissue and whole body nitrogen (N) metabolism was investigated in 5 patients before and during TPN (30 kcal, 0.30 g N kg-1 day-1). Fasting 3-methylhistidine (MEH) urinary excretion was elevated (407.9±67.6 μmol m-2 day-1), muscle and body N balances (NB) were markedly negative (-28.2±4.6 g m-2 day-1 and-15.7±3.1 g m-2 day-1), while central tissue NB was positive (13.0±2.4 g m-2 day-1). TPN effected a reduction in MEH excretion (261.8±27.5 mmol m-2 day-1-p〈0.05) and decreased the release of almost all amino acids from muscle tissue, some of them acting as catabolic markers. Muscle (-7.2±1.2 g m-2 day-1-p〈0.01) as well as body NB (-4.8±1.4 g m-2 day-1-p〈0.01) improved, whilst central tissue NB worsened, even though still positive (3.1±1.6 g m-2 day-1-p〈0.05). Gathering fasting and TPN data MEH excretion was significantly related to both body (r=0.89) and muscle (r=0.73) NB, that were highly related to each other (r=0.93), being muscle always worse than body NB. In conclusion, the anticatabolic activity of TPN is confirmed, although our setting did not achieve muscle NB, it was consistently improved and seems to be the major determinant of body NB, in contrast central NB and central N utilization (46.4%±5.4 vs 15.8%±8.4-p〈0.05) worsened.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Total parenteral nutrition ; Nitrogen balance ; Malnourished patients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Factors influencing nitrogen balance during total parenteral nutrition have been investigated in 38 malnourished patients studied for a cumulative period of 280 days. According to multiple regression analysis, nitrogen intake (0.213±0.004 g kg-1 day-1, mean ±SD) proved to be the major determinant of a positive nitrogen balance (0.018±0.004 g kg-1 day-1), followed by non-protein energy intake (43.3±0.5 kcal kg-1 day-1). Total calorie intake to predicted basal energy expenditure and non protein calorie to nitrogen ratios appeared to have little significance on nitrogen balance, when corrected for the two former variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; Total parenteral nutrition ; Injury ; Nitrogen intake ; Calorie intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Factors influencing nitrogen balance during total parenteral nutrition have been investigated in 34 critically ill injured patients studied during the first 6 days after trauma. Basal nitrogen balance was severely negative (-0.26±0.12 (SD) g·kg-1), but improved consistently during treatment. Nitrogen intake proved to be the major determinant of a positive, or less negative, nitrogen balance, only secondarily followed by total energy intake corrected to predicted basal energy expenditure, according to multiple regression analysis. The amount of non-protein calories and the non-protein calorie to nitrogen ratio appeared to have little significance on nitrogen balance, when corrected for the two former variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Injury ; TPN ; Nitrogen balance ; Amino acid profile ; Nitrogen vs amino acid requirement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic derangements of injury are known to influence nitrogen (N) requirements whilst less is known about individual amino acid (AA) requirements. This study was designed to investigate prospectively N vs AA requirement in 36 injured patients treated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The non-protein caloric input was 30 kcal kg-1 day-1 and three AA solutions were assessed containing the same AAs but in different proportion. Overall N intake was set at 0.35 g N kg-1 day-1 for solution A and B and 0.24 g N kg-1 day-1 for solution C. Solution B was similar to A, both being enriched in branched chain AAs (BCAA: 0.69 g kg-1 day-1 in B compared with 0.55 g kg-1 day-1 in A) while decreased in aromatic and sulphurated forms (1.75 times the normal need). Solution C was designed to maintain a daily input of BCAA similar to A (0.52 g kg-1 day-1) but with the supply of aromatic and sulphurated AA between solutions A and B, the supply of other AAs (lysine, theonine, histidine, arginine, glycine) being dependent on the selected N intake. For all the essential AAs the supply was always greater than normal allowances. Increasing BCAA over 0.55 g kg-1 day-1 did not improve N balance when N intake was 0.35 g kg-1 day-1, whilst nutrition with solution C was unable to maintain N balance. Moreover we found indirect evidence that this N intake, 0.52g kg-1 day-1 was more sparing than 0.37 g kg-1 day-1 of BCAA. N balance of the three groups suggests that injured patients need more than 0.24 g N kg-1 day-1 probably for non-essential AA synthesis. The study of plasma AA values support the increased non-essential N need in group C and allows us to suggest the proper AA composition of the overall optimal daily N intake (0.28–0.30 g N kg-1 day-1) in catabolic patients: BCAA about 0.5 g kg-1 day-1, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophane, threonine and lysine from 2–3 to 5–10 times the normal allowance, the remainding N supply (about 0.14 g kg-1 day-1) should be made up from histidine, arginine, tyrosine, serine, proline, glycine, glutamic and aspartic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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