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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pump heating on laser and spectroscopic properties of the Nd:[YAl3(BO3)4] self-frequency-doubling laser (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 1042-1048 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this work, thermal effects on the spectroscopic and laser properties of Nd:YAl3(BO3)4 crystal caused by pump heating are systematically investigated. Changes in the refractive indices, absorption coefficient, and emission band shape have been studied in a temperature range 20–200 °C. Temperatures up to 88 °C have been measured in a thermally isolated crystal when pumping with 800 mW of laser power at 807 nm. A decrease in infrared laser power at 1.06 μm and its second harmonic (0.53 μm) generated by self-frequency doubling is observed during the early seconds of laser operation. These reductions are explained in terms of the absorption efficiency reduction and of thermal phase mismatch (for second harmonic) induced by pump heating. Instabilities observed in the output (infrared and green) laser power during the initial seconds of laser action are satisfactorily explained in terms of Fabry–Pérot-induced interference effects. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371977
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode gaps in the refractive index properties of low-dose ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 3199-3202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Data are presented for the refractive index profiles for low-dose He+ ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides. In the nuclear stopping region, the extraordinary index is increased for low ion doses, by contrast with index reduction normally associated with ion-implanted waveguiding structures. The index increase was confirmed by fabricating a buried waveguide for the extraordinary index by use of multi-energy implants. For single-energy implants, data are shown which map the extraordinary index at the surface together with that in the nuclear collision zone, as a function of angle relative to the z axis of light propagation in surface waveguides for X and Y cut LiNbO3. These indices cross over near 45°, which results in a mode gap for which waveguide modes are not supported. A mechanism for this behavior is discussed based on defect-induced lattice relaxation. The phenomenon of a controlled mode gap may have applicability for optoelectronic and nonlinear materials and devices. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372325
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of high index proton exchange LiNbO3 waveguides with undegraded nonlinear optical coefficients (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 3356-3358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A structural study is presented on proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides prepared in benzoic acid vapor which, for z-cut substrates, were previously reported to simultaneously exhibit high index jump, very low losses, and undegraded nonlinear optical coefficients. X-ray rocking curves of z-cut guides show a unique, intense peak with the same bandwidth as the substrate peak, located at the κ2-phase position of HxLi1−xNbO3, as well as a small α-phase contribution. For x-cut guides only the β1-phase peak is obtained, with a bandwidth about 60% greater than the substrate peak. Distinctive features of κ2 and β1 guides are also shown in micro-Raman spectra. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120336
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Refractive indices of rutile as a function of temperature and wavelength (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 994-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of rutile (TiO2) have been measured as a function of temperature and wavelength within the ranges 30–160 °C and 454–1330 nm, respectively, by using a prism coupling reflectivity setup. The measurements have been done with regard to the accurately known indices of a congruent LiNbO3 substrate. The index values are given with the same accuracy as that of the substrate taken as reference, i.e., ±0.001 at room temperature and ±0.003 at 160 °C. The room temperature values are coincident with those previously published by other workers. Sellmeier-like equations which include wavelength and temperature as variables within the studied ranges are given for both indices. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365938
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cathodoluminescence enhancement in porous silicon cracked in vacuum (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 1728-1730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An increase of the cathodoluminescence (CL) signal of porous silicon (PS) cracked in vacuum of up to three orders of magnitude has been achieved. Under high electron-beam currents, the samples cracked in interconnected pieces of tens of microns, exposing new surfaces to the electron beam. This treatment enhances the radiative intensity in PS associated with a broadband peaked at 720 nm, which is highly stable while the sample is kept in vacuum. Cross-sectional CL observations show that most of the light is generated in the top surface of the porous layer. The spectral depth dependence of the emitted light reveals a relatively weak blue emission in the region closer to the substrate. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123669
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-index proton-exchanged waveguides in Z-cut LiNbO3 with undegraded nonlinear optical coefficients (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 70 (1997), S. 2076-2078 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method is described for producing high quality optical waveguides on Z-cut LiNbO3 substrates by proton exchange in pure benzoic acid vapor. Either α- or β-phase guides are obtained by varying the exchange temperature (within the 250–375 °C range) and/or the treatment duration (between 15 min and 24 h). The method presents definitive advantages with regards to common immersion methods. For both α- and β-phase guides the d33 nonlinear optical coefficient is 90% of the substrate value, and their optical losses are below 0.35 dB/cm. This is the first report on β-phase guides with almost undegraded nonlinear optical coefficients. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118216
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear optical efficient LiNbO3 waveguides proton exchanged in benzoic acid vapor: Effect of the vapor pressure (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 1322-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of the vapor pressure on the properties of LiNbO3 waveguides proton exchanged in benzoic acid vapor is reported. The vapor pressure has been controlled by buffering the acid melt with different lithium benzoate concentrations, 0%≤ρ≤10%. Exchanged layers have been characterized by measuring effective indices, OH− infrared absorption, propagation losses, x-ray rocking curves, and second-harmonic generation. At 300 °C (24 h), highly homogeneous layers of κ2 phase (index jump at 632.8 nm within 0.08〈Δne〈0.10) and β1 phase (0.10〈Δne〈0.11) are obtained respectively in z-cut and x-cut substrates for ρ≤2%. For 4%≤ρ≤6%, in both z and x cuts, much less homogenous layers of κ1 phase (0.03〈Δne〈0.07) are obtained, and for ρ≥8%, only highly homogeneous α-phase (Δne〈0.03) layers are produced. Under none of our experimental conditions, κ2 phase could be obtained on x-cut substrates. All α, κ1, and κ2 layers exhibit good second-harmonic generation efficiency, while in β1 layers it is negligible. All homogeneous phases show very low propagation losses (〈0.35 dB/cm), but losses are much greater in nonhomogeneous κ1 layers. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369169
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second harmonic generation capabilities of ion implanted LiNbO3 waveguides (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 5180-5183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Data are reported on the depth profile of the nonlinear optical capabilities (d33) of He+ ion-implanted LiNbO3 waveguides. Reflected second harmonic generated light has been measured for guides formed by implant doses ranging from 5×1014 to 2×1016 ions/cm2. Directly after the irradiation the nonlinearity in the waveguide region is reduced to ∼75% that of virgin LiNbO3 for doses higher than 3×1015 ions/cm2. At the optical barrier the nonlinearity becomes zero for doses above 1×1016 ions/cm2. Annealing at 200 °C completely recovers the nonlinearity of the waveguiding layer, as well as reducing absorption losses within the guide. For the highly disordered material in the barrier, the harmonic signal shows that only partial recovery of the structure occurs, even by annealing at higher temperatures. This difference in response allows the production of low loss waveguides with high nonlinearity. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368811
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CdTe epilayers for uses in optical waveguides (2000)
    Springer
    Applied physics 71 (2000), S. 277-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 78.66.Hf; 42.82.Et
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. CdTe epilayers have been grown by vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) on glass, MgO, sapphire, LiNbO3 and mica substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show the good structural quality of the epilayers. In these epilayers, a few optical modes were excited with a 1.33-μm laser. The measured propagation losses were in the range between 5 dB/cm and less than 0.5 dB/cm. From dark-mode m-lines, the epilayer thickness was found to be in the 1–3 μm range, in good accord with that obtained by SEM measurements. The refractive index obtained from the fitting is also in good accord with that of bulk CdTe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390000510
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light-induced damage mechanisms in α-phase proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides (1999)
    Springer
    Applied physics 68 (1999), S. 989-993 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 42.82E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The overall power and far-field pattern of the beam out-coupled from a single-mode planar proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguide in the α-phase have been studied for in-coupled intensities within the range 20–700 W/cm2. The steady-state output versus input power response shows three definite stages designated as I, II, and III in order of increasing input intensity. In stage I the output varies linearly with input and the far-field pattern does not show appreciable changes. In stage II, the pattern is considerably broadened and displays a number of steady peaks and dips indicative of a filamentary structure of the beam. As in bulk LiNbO3, these damage features are explained in terms of parametric processes involving the amplification of scattered (noise) light. An additional broadening is observed in stage III together with the occurrence of a fluctuating profile (chaotic response) attributed to random fluctuations in the coupling parameters. The threshold input intensity separating stages I and II is related to the intensity-dependence of the photovoltaic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050735
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