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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Responses of the T-Wave Amplitude as a Function of Active and Passive Tasks and Beta-Adrenergic Blockade (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 28 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin , Psychologie
    Notizen: This paper presents evidence that phasic changes in T-wave amplitude vary as a function of task conditions and beta-adrenergic drugs. Three experiments were designed to test the sensitivity of T-wave amplitude to manipulations in sympathetic arousal. In the first experiment, T-wave amplitude was recorded during an active behavioral task in which 32 subjects believed that they could control the duration of an aversive white noise and during a passive behavioral task in which another 30 subjects knew that they had no control. T-wave amplitude decreased to a greater extent in the active behavior group than in the passive group. In the second experiment, 9 subjects receiving one of two beta-adrenergic blockers and 10 subjects receiving placebo completed the active task. Task-induced reductions in T-wave amplitude were systematically blocked by the beta blockers. In the third experiment, 5 subjects received placebos and 15 received one of two different beta blockers. All subjects performed a mental arithmetic task. Subjects receiving a placebo, but not those receiving beta blockade, exhibited a significant reduction in T-wave amplitude during mental arithmetic.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00415.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Does activation of the baroreceptors reinforce differential Pavlovian conditioning of heart rate responses? (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin , Psychologie
    Notizen: High- and low-pitched tones (CS+ and CS−) signalled baroreceptor stimulation or inhibition (US+ and US-) on 6-s conditioning trials (n= 128). Baroreceptor stimulation was induced by the phase-related external suction (PRES) method of Rau et al. (1992) in which a brief pulse of negative external pressure is applied to the neck at systole and one of positive pressure at diastole within each cardiac cycle (the reverse sequence is used for baroreceptor inhibition). Changes in heart period (R-R intervals) confirmed that PRES manipulated the baroreceptors in the presence of CS+ and CS− without habituation over conditioning trials. However, conditioned heart period responses were not observed on test trials (n= 32) in which CS+ and CS− were presented with the baroreceptor manipulation removed. Subjects were unable to state which CS had signalled baroreceptor stimulation and inhibition when given PRES-alone trials after the conditioning phase (differential attention thus controlled). These results (a) confirm that the differential effect of the two PRES stimuli was specific to the baroreceptors and (b) support earlier studies that have found that differential conditioning is impaired when CS−US relations are not processed in attention. We discuss implications regarding when baroreceptor firing might be discriminable and reinforcing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02077.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Baroreceptor stimulation alters cortical activity (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin , Psychologie
    Notizen: The arterial baroreceptors constitute an essential sensory link for the short-term regulation of blood pressure and may also influence higher cortical function. The present study was undertaken to evaluate previous reports of such a cortical influence under conditions of psychologically controlled, mechanical baroreceplor stimulation. This control was achieved by use of PRES (phase-related external suction), a modified neck suction technique. PRES applies short suction bursts that have a different impact on baroreceptors depending on their timing within the cardiac cycle and has the advantage that subjects cannot easily discriminate between conditions of stimulation and inhibition. Electroencephalograms were recorded from 22 subjects during PRES manipulations. A surface-negative shift of about 10 μV developed during the cuff manipulations. Over frontal-central regions, this shift was smaller during baroreceptor stimulation than during inhibition. These data provide support for the proposal that baroreceptor activation influences cortical activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03359.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PRES: The Controlled Noninvasiv Stimulation of the Carotid Baroreceptors in Humans (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin , Psychologie
    Notizen: To study physiological and psychological effects of baroreceptor activity, the cervical neck cuff technique has been frequently used to stimulate the carotid baroreceptors mechanically. Using this technique, no satisfying control conditions to date have been available.Because the carotid stretch receptors are sensitive not only to the pressure level, but also to the rate of change, it is possible to manipulate the receptor firing through changes in carotid pulse amplitude. The device described here relies on the application of short changes in cuff pressure tied to different phases withing the cardiac cycle (phase related external suction (PRES)). A brief external suction during systole has potent stimulatory effects on baroreceptors whereas the application of the very same pressure pulse during diastole inhibits the firing burst associated with the pulse wave. To allow an ongoing period of stimulation, a sequence of alternating negative/positive pressure pulses is applied. In the stimulation condition, the R-wave of the electrocardiogram triggers a negative pulse which is followed by a positive one during diastole. In the control condition this relationship is reversed.Two experiments are reported confirming different baroreceptor effects of the two conditions. PRES allows for blind or double-blind experiments to investigate effects of baroreceptor activity on physiology and behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01680.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of baroreceptor stimulation and opioids on the auditory startle reflex (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Psychophysiology 42 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin , Psychologie
    Notizen: We examined (a) whether carotid baroreceptor stimulation attenuates the auditory startle response and its modulation by preceding affective pictures, and (b) whether these effects are mediated by endogenous opioids. Seventy-eight young normotensive adults with or without a parental history of hypertension received brief exposures to affective pictures and noise bursts during phasic manipulation of the carotid baroreceptors. In each participant, opioids were blocked by naltrexone in half of the sessions. Baroreceptor stimulation had a strong dampening effect on the startle response. This effect was not influenced by opioid blockade, sex, or parental history of hypertension. No baroreceptor effects were obtained regarding ratings of the affective pictures or startle modulation by the pictures. The baroreceptor stimulation effects seem to be mediated by the basal primary acoustic startle circuit rather than by higher affective circuits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00273.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of PRES baroreceptor stimulation on thermal and mechanical pain threshold in borderline hypertensives and normotensives (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin , Psychologie
    Notizen: Prior studies have noted a pain relieving effect of baroreceptor stimulation and of higher tonic blood pressure in animals and humans. The present study used a new technique for the controlled, noninvasive stimulation of human carotid baroreceptors (PRES). PRES baroreceptor manipulation was delivered to both normotensive subjects (n= 11) and medication-free labile hypertensive subjects (n= 10) during both thermal and mechanical pain. Consistent with prior research, hypertensives had a higher threshold for thermal pain than did normotensives. PRES baroreceptor manipulation had no significant effect on thermal pain threshold for either group. For the mechanical pain model, the opposite results were obtained; group pain threshold did not differ, but there was a significant PRES baroreceptor stimulation effect of increasing pain threshold for both groups. Results are discussed in terms of specific features of the stimuli, dampening of pain in hypertensives, and adaptation to pain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01051.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans (1997)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 387 (1997), S. 903-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] The extreme obesity of the obese (ob/ob) mouse is attributable to mutations in the gene encoding leptin, an adipocyte-specific secreted protein which has profound effects on appetite and energy expenditure. We know of no equivalent evidence regarding leptin's role in the control of fat mass in ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387903a0
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of smoking on thermal pain threshold in deprived and minimally-deprived habitual smokers (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 472-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Pain threshold ; Smoking ; Nicotine ; Acute tolerance ; Deprivation ; Psychophysiological measures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This study examined the antinociceptive effects of smoking in nine habitual smokers under deprived (12 h) and minimally-deprived (〈30 min) conditions. Pain threshold for thermal stimuli, heart rate, blood pressure and ratings of mood, arousal, dominance and well-being were assessed before and after smoking a cigarette. Overall, smoking affected all measured variables in the expected direction, leading to increased physiological activity, elevated pain threshold and improved mood. However, most of these effects depended on the deprivation status of the subjects, such that smoking after deprivation increased pain threshold whereas smoking after minimal deprivation did not. Pain threshold before smoking was the same for both groups. Deprived subjects had lower pre-smoke diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and arousal levels, which rose to equal minimally-deprived subjects' scores after smoking.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253538
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cigarette smoking, blood lipids, and baroreceptor-modulated nociception (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Pain ; Baroreceptor stimulation ; PRES ; Smoking ; Nicotine ; Blood lipid levels ; Cholesterol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Activation of arterial blood pressure has been shown to influence higher central nervous activity. In animals, induction of sleep-like states and increases of seizure and pain thresholds in response to baroreceptor stimulation have been reported. In certain human groups, mechanical stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors also increases pain thresholds. The present paper examines the hypothesis that smokers show baroreceptor dependent antinociception as compared to non-smokers. It is speculated that one effect which rewards smoking is the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increase which leads to baroreceptor stimulation and dampens pain perception. One hundred and twenty subjects were investigated using a recently developed mechanical baroreceptor stimulation technique and an electrical pain stimulus. The group of heavy smokers showed the predicted effect: their pain thresholds were enhanced during conditions of increased baroreceptor activity as compared to the control condition. The group of medium, light and non-smokers, however, did not show this effect. Neither blood lipid levels nor diastolic or systolic blood pressure paralleled the group differences on baroreceptor dependent antinociception. In heavy smokers, the nicotine induced phasic blood pressure increase might have baroreceptor dependent pain dampening effects, which might be among the reinforcing qualities of smoking.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251290
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Slow cortical potential biofeedback and the startle reflex (1994)
    Springer
    Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 19 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Schlagwort(e): biofeedback ; slow cortical potentials ; threshold regulation of EEG ; startle probe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The negativity of slow cortical potentials (SCP) of the surface EEG is a measure of brain excitability, correlating with motor and cognitive preparation. Selfcontrol of SCP positivity has been shown to reduce seizure activity. Following SCP biofeedback from a central EEG electrode position, subjects gained bidirectional control over their SCP. The current study used a modified feedback methodology, and found a positive relationship between negativity and magnitude of EMG startle response (a measure of cortical and subcortical arousal, particularly aversive response disposition). Greater success in SCP differentiation was associated with self-report of less relaxation during negativity training.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720666
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