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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    50 Jahre nach Manfred Bleuler Was wissen wir heute über die Spätschizophrenie(n)? (1997)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Spätschizophrenie ; Risikofaktoren ; Ätiologie ; Psychopathologie ; Verlauf ; Übersicht ; Key words Late-onset schizophrenia ; Risk factors ; Aetiology ; Psychopathology ; Course ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since Manfred Bleuler's description of the clinical picture of late onset schizophrenia over 50 years ago, debate has persisted as to whether it is justifiable to differentiate this as a valid, independent entity from the group of classic schizophrenic disorders with early onset. As this review shows, this question cannot be answered unequivocally even now. It must rather be remarked that we have neither been able to decisively extend our knowledge since Manfred Bleuler's comprehensive contribution, nor managed to achieve a much sounder basis methodologically. The reasons for this are the international conceptual and terminological confusion that has developed around this illness group, and on the other hand the methodological limitations of the empirical studies conducted on this clinical picture so far.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit Manfred Bleuler vor nunmehr über 50 Jahren erstmals das Krankheitsbild der Spätschizophrenie beschrieb, blieb umstritten, ob es gerechtfertigt ist, dieses als valide, eigenständige Entität von der Gruppe der klassischen, im frühen Alter beginnenden Schizophrenien abzugrenzen. Auch heute noch läßt sich diese Frage – wie vorliegende Literaturübersicht zeigt – nicht eindeutig beantworten. Vielmehr ist festzustellen, daß wir unser Wissen bezüglich dieses Krankheitsbilds seit Manfred Bleulers umfassendem Beitrag weder entscheidend vermehren noch auf eine methodisch sehr viel solidere Basis stellen konnten. Ursachen hierfür sind zum einen die konzeptuelle und begriffliche Konfusion, die sich international bezüglich dieser Krankheitsgruppe entwickelt hat, zum anderen die methodischen Limitierungen der empirischen Studien, die bisher zu diesem Krankheitsbild vorliegen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is age of onset in schizophrenia influenced by marital status? (1992)
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 27 (1992), S. 122-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Schizophrenia is a disease characterized by a distinctly higher age at onset and at first admission in females than in males. In a systematic study on gender differences in schizophrenia we have confirmed this finding using different sets of data, in particular through the examination of a large and representative sample of first-admitted patients. The question addressed in this paper is whether marital status influences this sex-specific age difference. Assuming that marriage or a stable relationship is a protective factor in schizophrenia, delaying the onset of the disease or first hospitalization, the hypothesis was formulated that the later age of onset in women is at least partly explained by their generally earlier age of marriage. Testing this hypothesis illustrates some of the methodological problems that often occur when a causal analysis of social data is attempted. The problems emerge especially when both the dependent variable (age of onset/first admission) and the independent variable (marital status) are essentially related to age. First results appearing to indicate an influence of marital status on age at first admission did not bear a critical interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00788757
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia (1992)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 242 (1992), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; first onset ; early symptomatology ; early course ; age and gender ; illness behaviour ; paranoid delusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the frame of the ABC (Age, Beginning and Course) Schizophrenia Project we studied the influence of age and sex on first-ever onset, symptom manifestation and early course up to first admission in schizophrenia by using a large, representative sample of first-admitted schizophrenic patients. The results showed that the two variables had suprisingly little bearing upon the core symptoms, particularly on negative and other most frequent symptoms and on first-rank symptoms. In 70% of the cases schizophrenia started solely with negative symptoms, in 20% with negative and positive and in 10% with positive symptoms only. In most of the cases symptoms accumulated exponentially up to the first acute episode with positive symptoms appearing considerably later. The age differences observed concerned secondary phenomena associated with developmental factors. Such phenomena, i.e. anxiety, depression and the cognitive formation of delusions, can be interpreted as responses to the psychosis. Also the sex differences, which culminated in far more frequent socially negative disease behaviour in males, were limited to secondary phenomena. This positive and negative core symptomatology of schizophrenia seems to be astonishingly uniform and fairly independent of age and sex at this early stage of the disease. The only remarkable difference was a three to four years higher mean age of onset in females. We were able to show in animal experiments and to confirm in a clinical study that this finding is attributable to a neuromodulatory effect of estrogens on the sensitivity of D2 receptors in the brain. Apparently, estrogens raise the vulnerability threshold until menopause and have a slight neuroleptic-like effect on the symptomatology in acute schizophrenic episodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02191557
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schizophrenia and oestrogens — is there an association? (1993)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 242 (1993), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Oestrogens ; Ovarian function ; Menstrual cycle ; Menopause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Some early psychiatrists already believed that schizophrenic disorders were associated with a disturbed balance of sexual hormones. This belief was based on the observation of a. an “insufficient functioning of the sexual glands” with so-called “hypoestrogenism”, and b. an influence of ovarian function on schizophrenic psychoses. As this review shows, there are findings from recent research which seem to confirm that estrogens may have a protective effect in schizophrenia. There are also occasional hints at a possible “hypoestrogenism” in schizophrenia. In our own epidemiological, clinical and animal studies the hypothesis of a protective effect of oestrogens was for the first time systematically examined and confirmed. Oestrogens seem to modulate the sensitivity of D2-receptors in the brain, and clinically they seem to have a neuroleptic-like effect. These findings may have important implications for the prevention and therapy of schizophrenic disorders. Furthermore, our findings indicate the need to reinvestigate the question of a disturbed balance of sexual hormones in schizophrenic disorders. Further research on the role of oestrogens in schizophrenic disorders could in our opinion contribute to understanding the still unclear, possibly aetiologically heterogeneous pathogenetic mechanism of schizophrenic psychoses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02190244
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